Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size in Douglas-fir. II. Crown form, branch characters, and foliage characters

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1236-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. St. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Needle Size ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Genetic variation and covariation among traits of tree size and structure were assessed in an 18-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) genetic test in the Coast Range of Oregon. Considerable genetic variation was found for relative crown width; stem increment per crown projection area; leaf area and branch weight relative to crown size; branch diameter and length adjusted for stem size; branch stoutness; cross-sectional area of branches per crown length; and needle size. Little genetic variation was found for branch numbers per whorl, branch angle, and specific leaf area. At both the phenotypic and genetic level, large trees growing well relative to growing space had tall, narrow crowns, high leaf areas per crown projection area or branch length, greater partitioning to leaves versus branches, and stouter branches. Thus, large, efficient trees were those that invested more in the photosynthetic machinery of leaf area and the branch biomass necessary to support that leaf area, but distributed that leaf area over a greater vertical distance. Unfortunately, these traits also were associated with increased branchiness, and selection for these traits would be accompanied by reductions in harvest index and wood quality.

Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size in Douglas-fir. I. Biomass partitioning, foliage efficiency, stem form, and wood density

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1226-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. St.Clair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Stem Size

Genetic variation and covariation among traits of tree size and structure were assessed in an 18-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) genetic test in the Coast Range of Oregon. Considerable genetic variation was found in size, biomass partitioning, and wood density, and genetic gains may be expected from selection and breeding of desirable genotypes. Estimates of heritability for partitioning traits, including harvest index, were particularly high. Foliage efficiency (stem increment per unit leaf area) was strongly correlated with harvest index and may represent an alternative measure of partitioning to the stem. Estimates of foliage efficiency where leaf area was estimated based on stem diameter or sapwood area were unrelated to foliage efficiency where leaf area was measured directly. Strong negative genetic correlations were found between harvest index and stem size, and between wood density and stem size. Achieving simultaneous genetic gain in stem size and either harvest index or wood density would be difficult.

TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES OF SUMMER RIPENING SELECTION VNIISPK ON CLONAL ROOTSTOCK 54-118

1970 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
А. M. Galasheva ◽  
Е. N. Sedov
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
The World ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the world and in Russia, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, breeder Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov created a series of triploid apple cultivars from intervalent crosses 2х × 4х. Triploid apple cultivars bear fruit more regularly, have higher self-fruitfulness and have fruits of high marketability. The article presents data on the study of triploid apple cultivars of the summer ripening period of the VNIISPK breeding - Augusta, Daryona, Maslovskoye, Osipovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas as well as the control Canadian cultivar Melba on a semi-dwarf clone rootstock 54-118. Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas have immunity to scab. The orchard was planted in 2014, the garden planting scheme was 5 x 2 m. The indicators of the growth force (tree height, crown width and stem diameter) and the yield of trees were studied. At the age of six, the trees of triploid cultivars reached a height of 2.2 m (Maslovskoye) to 3.0 m (Yablochny Spas) on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The highest indicators of crown volume (3.3-5.3 m3), crown projection area (4.2-5.3 m2) and the cross-sectional area of the stem (46.5-52.8 cm2) were in Osipovskoye, Yablochny Spas, Zhilinskoye and Spasskoye. The highest yield in an average of three years was given by triploid scab-immune apple cultivars on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118: Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas.

The effect of local stand structure on growth and growth efficiency in heterogeneous stands of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in central Oregon

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2217-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B Mainwaring ◽  
Douglas A Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Basal area and height growth were analyzed for individual trees in uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) stands in central Oregon. Basal area growth was modeled as a function of other stand and tree variables to address three general objectives: (1) to compare the predictive ability of distance-dependent versus distance-independent stand density variables; (2) to determine the degree to which small trees negatively affect the growth of overstory trees; and (3) to test for differences in growth efficiency between species and between indices of spatial occupancy used to define efficiency (area potentially available, crown projection area, and a surrogate for total tree leaf area). Distance-dependent variables were found to improve growth predictions when added to models with only distance-independent variables, and small trees were found to have a quantifiably negative effect on the growth of larger trees. While volume growth efficiency declined with increasing levels of spatial occupancy for lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine volume growth efficiency was greatest at the highest levels of crown base sapwood area and crown projection area. The behavior in ponderosa pine resulted from the previously recognized correlation between tree height and total leaf area or crown size. The final statistical models distinguished between the positive effect of relative height and the negative effect of increasing tree size.

The role of Douglas-fir stem sapwood and heartwood in the mechanical and physiological support of crowns and development of stem form

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith ◽  
David R. M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mechanical Support ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Uniform Resistance ◽  
Form Development

The mechanical and physiological support of a tree's crown is the principal function of its bole. A simple model for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) of different crown classes explains much of the observed differences in stem form development. Sapwood cross-sectional area at any height on the bole of the tree was found to be related linearly to the amount of foliage above that point; however, in large trees the sapwood area needed to supply transpiring foliage with water is insufficient to provide mechanical support. The combination of sapwood and heartwood was found to provide the stem form that would be expected to ensure uniform resistance to bending by the wind.

scholarly journals Modular, hollow culms of rain-forest bamboos explain their persistence across a wide range of light environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Junichi Fujinuma ◽  
Matthew D. Potts ◽  
Abd Rahman Kassim ◽  
Rhett D. Harrison ◽  
Abd Razak O. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Turnover ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Dipterocarp Forests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Abstract:Tropical bamboos persist in a wide range of light conditions and quickly respond to changes in light availability. However, the mechanisms underpinning this ability remain unknown. In order to test the hypothesis that the modular and hollow culm architecture of bamboos explains their performance in a wide range of light environments, we determined the allometric relationships of two dominant bamboo species of the upper hill dipterocarp forests of Malaysia, Gigantochloa ligulata (n = 29) and Schizostachyum grande (n = 25), via destructive sampling. We also monitored biomass turnover of bamboos and woody trees in 24 permanent plots (1.92 ha in total) over a one-year period. Compared with woody trees, bamboo culms attained 1.5 times the height and their clumps supported four times as much total leaf area at the same above-ground biomass. In addition, at a given height, bamboo clumps had six times larger crown projection area than trees while having a similar amount of total leaf area per unit of crown projection area. Finally, bamboos’ biomass turnover rate was three times higher than trees, and G. ligulata increased its specific rate of biomass increase after canopy disturbance, while trees decreased. We conclude that the unique architecture of bamboos allows them to persist under closed forest canopy light conditions and to respond to gap formation via high biomass turnover rate.

scholarly journals Characteristics of VNIISPK apple cultivars on semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
A. M. Galasheva ◽  
N. G. Krasova ◽  
Z. E. Ozherelieva
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
And Control

Relevance. Due to the wide diversity of cultivars and rootstocks, the selection of more productive, commercial and adapted graft-rootstock combinations for industrial orchards in the Orel region and the entire Central Chernozem region is relevant.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) on the bases of the laboratory of cultivar study and cultivar agrotechnics of pome crops and the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance. Winter apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding ‘Sinap Orlovsky’, ‘Veteran’, ‘Orlik’, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Svezhest’, ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Veniaminovskoye’ and control cultivar ‘Antonovka Obyknovennaya’ on the vegetatively propagated semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118 were taken as objects of the studies. The orchard was planted in autumn 2013, the planting scheme was 6 mx3m.Results. The studied apple cultivars have good compatibility with 54-118 rootstock, provide good tree development and low-sized crown. The highest yield on average for three years was in scab-immune apple cultivars ‘Bolotovskoye’ (4.6 t/ha), ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ (3.4 t/ha) and ‘Venyaminovskoye’ (3.2 t/ha). The highest indicators for the load of the crop on the crown volume, crown projection area, and cross-sectional area of the stem were for ‘Svezhest’ and ‘Bolotovskoye’. As a result of determining the frost resistance of apple cultivars in mid-January to temperatures up to -38...-40°C, it was revealed that in the hardened state, the cultivars showed frost resistance of buds and tissues of annual shoots with reversible damage at -38°C in the middle of winter. A decrease in temperature to -40°C in January increased damage to buds and wood in the studied varieties, while the bark was characterized by greater frost resistance. According to the degree of damage to the cortex in January, when the temperature dropped to -40°C, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Svezhest’, and ‘Sinap Orlovsky’ were at the control level.

Sapwood volume for three subalpine conifers: predictive equations and ecological implications

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1397-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
The Cost

Xylem conducting tissue or sapwood is an important storage organ for water, carbohydrates, and nutrients, but the living ray parenchyma cells require energy for maintenance. I examined sapwood volume for three subalpine conifers (Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and lodgepole pine) in relation to tree size and leaf area. Sapwood volume increases exponentially as leaf area increases, with the rate of increase determined by the ratio of leaf area to sapwood cross-sectional area. Increase in the cost of sapwood maintenance respiration relative to photosynthetic production may explain lower relative growth rates reported for large trees and older stands. Lodgepole pine showed the most rapid increase in sapwood volume with increasing leaf area, suggesting storage capacity and sapwood maintenance are important processes for this species. I also present simple equations for estimating sapwood volume.

Distribution of epicormic branches and foliage on Douglas-fir as influenced by adjacent canopy gaps

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1320-1330
Author(s):  
John W. Punches ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Branch Length ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Canopy Gap ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Total Branch Length ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Epicormic Branches

The influence of adjacent canopy gaps on spatial distribution of epicormic branches and delayed foliage (originating from dormant buds) was investigated in 65-year-old coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Sample trees were selected across a broad range of local densities (adjacent canopy gap sizes) from a repeatedly thinned stand in which gaps had been created 12 years prior to our study. Lengths and stem locations of original and epicormic branches were measured within the south-facing crown quadrant, along with extents to which branches were occupied by sequential (produced in association with terminal bud elongation) and (or) delayed foliage. Epicormic branches, while prevalent throughout crowns, contributed only 10% of total branch length and 2% of total foliage mass. In contrast, delayed foliage occupied over 75% of total branch length, accounted for nearly 39% of total foliage mass, and often overlapped with sequential foliage. Canopy gap size did not influence original or epicormic branch length or location. On original branches, larger gaps may have modestly negatively influenced the relative extent of sequential foliage on branches and (or) slightly positively influenced delayed foliage mass. Delayed foliage appears to contribute substantially to Douglas-fir crown maintenance at this tree age, but canopy gap size had a minor influence, at least in the short term.

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