NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): III. EFFECTS OF NINETEEN AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Feeding tests with the parasite Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) reared aseptically on chemically defined media showed that food lacking l-arginine, l-histidine, dl-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-lysine, dl-methionine, dl-phenylalanine, dl-threonine, dl-tryptophane, or dl-valine failed to support larval growth beyond the first instar. Omitting glycine from the diet lowered the rate of growth and permitted only a small number of individuals to develop beyond the first instar. There were statistically significant differences between the rates of growth on the control diets and on diets lacking dl-alanine, glycine, dl-serine, or l-tyrosine. When dl-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, l-hydroxyproline, or l-proline was omitted from the food, larval growth and development were not affected.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): II. EFFECTS OF ELEVEN VITAMINS ON GROWTH

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 342-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Calcium Pantothenate ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Nutritional Studies

When the parasitic dipteron Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) was reared aseptically on chemically defined media; thiamine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, choline chloride, and biotin were essential for larval growth and development, but not vitamin B12, pyridoxine, folic acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, or inositol. Vitamin B12 had a slight beneficial effect on pupation, whereas the omission of para-aminobenzoic acid had a slight stimulatory effect on growth and development. The responses of larvae to deficiencies of different vitamins reached a decisive point at different stages of larval development.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): V. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF THE AMINO ACID MIXTURE, DEXTROSE, POTASSIUM ION, THE SALT MIXTURE, AND LARD ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; AND A SUBSTITUTE FOR LARD

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House ◽  
J. S. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Nutritional Studies

An improved chemically defined diet has been developed for aseptic rearing of the parasitic dipteron Pseudosarcophaga affiuis (Fall.). The time required for 50% of the larvae to develop to the third instar was decreased from nine to five days, and the percentage of larvae that became adults was increased from 19 to 60. These improvements resulted from a reduction in the dextrose concentration to 0.5% of the diet and the inclusion of 0.4% of lard or of a mixture of fatty acids. Reducing the concentration of the salt mixture when the concentration of potassium was increased did not affect growth. The optimum concentration of amino acids was about 2.0% of the medium. Excessive concentrations of amino acids, dextrose, and the salt mixture were toxic.

scholarly journals Production of systemically circulating Hedgehog by the intestine couples nutrition to growth and development

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rodenfels ◽  
Oksana Lavrynenko ◽  
Sophie Ayciriex ◽  
Julio L Sampaio ◽  
Maria Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Prothoracic Gland ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Signaling Protein ◽  
Endocrine Hormone ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Rates Of Growth

In Drosophila larvae, growth and developmental timing are regulated by nutrition in a tightly coordinated fashion. The networks that couple these processes are far from understood. Here, we show that the intestine responds to nutrient availability by regulating production of a circulating lipoprotein-associated form of the signaling protein Hedgehog (Hh). Levels of circulating Hh tune the rates of growth and developmental timing in a coordinated fashion. Circulating Hh signals to the fat body to control larval growth. It regulates developmental timing by controlling ecdysteroid production in the prothoracic gland. Circulating Hh is especially important during starvation, when it is also required for mobilization of fat body triacylglycerol (TAG) stores. Thus, we demonstrate that Hh, previously known only for its local morphogenetic functions, also acts as a lipoprotein-associated endocrine hormone, coordinating the response of multiple tissues to nutrient availability.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): II. STARCHES

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Better Than

AbstractAmylopectin added to a sugar-free wheat-germ diet was equal to or better than sucrose as a carbohydrate source, and appears to be readily utilized by the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). Larval growth on diets containing dextrins or potato starch shows that they are partly utilized. Starches from other sources, including those isolated from mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) or white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) needles, are not utilized to any extent, on the basis of larval growth on diets to which they have been added.Sixth-instar budworm reared on artificial diets contain amylase(s) in midgut and salivary gland homogenates, which show a low rate of digestion of starches from host foliage. However, the presence of appreciable starch in frass from foliage-fed insects and the apparent low utilizability of foliar starch indicate that the latter is not an important nutrient for the budworm under natural conditions.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON THE GENUS HIRSUTELLA: II. NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The growth responses of Hirsutella gigantea to different nitrogen sources were studied. Experiments showed that the mycelium hydrolyzate contained at least 14 of the amino acids, that the fungus was unable to utilize inorganic nitrogenous compounds, that ammonium tartrate was inferior to amino-nitrogen, and that the L or DL isomers of the different amino acids induced better growth than did the D form.The 10 most suitable nitrogen sources in order of decreasing growth were: L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, ammonium tartrate, DL-aspartic acid, L-proline, L-arginine, L-leucine, DL-α-alanine, DL-serine, and DL-histidine. The total yield, however, obtained in a synthetic medium with each of these substances was shown to be directly dependent upon the quantity of inoculum used. The enhanced growth resulting from the addition of increased inoculum is ascribed to accessory growth factors carried over with the mycelial fragments despite six washings in saline.The maximum growth of H. gigantea developed in a dextrose–salts medium containing L-glutamic acid as a source of nitrogen, and yeast extract, inoculum filtrate, and liver fraction "L" as a source of growth factors.The lack of uniformity associated with nutritional studies conducted in chemically defined media has been briefly mentioned.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITHPSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS(FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.): IV. EFFECTS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID, GLUTATHIONE, DEXTROSE, A SALT MIXTURE, CHOLESTEROL, AND FATS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House
Keyword(s):  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
Chemically Defined Media ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Experimental Media ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The dipterous parasite Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) reared aseptically on chemically defined media requires ribonucleic acid, dextrose, a salt mixture, cholesterol, and fats for optimum growth; the differences between the results obtained on the experimental media and on the controls were statistically significant. Glutathione is not required for growth, but possibly aids in metamorphosis.

Impact of lysine supplementation on growth and development of Hermetia illucens larvae

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Koethe ◽  
J. Taubert ◽  
I. Vervuert
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

Hermetia illucens larvae are able to convert a broad range of organic substrates into animal protein and are believed to have the potential to help solving the supply problem for animal protein in the future. Many farmed animals such as poultry or pigs need an adequate amount of essential amino acids like lysine for optimal growth and performance. In most diets for farmed animals, essential amino acids are supplemented as feed additive to avoid excessive protein intake while ensuring a sufficient supply of essential amino acids. There is no information on the requirements of lysine for the growth of H. illucens larvae. Furthermore, it remains open whether lysine may have an extra effect on growth and development in the cultivation of such larvae. The aim of the study was to evaluate, if an addition of lysine to their feed substrate will affect these parameters. Therefore, in the present study up to 3.0% crystalline lysine was added to a basic substrate and survival, growth, and development of larvae were recorded. Furthermore, larval nutritional values like crude fat, crude protein, and lysine content were analysed. The addition of lysine did not improve growth, development or nutritional values of H. illucens larvae. In contrast, the addition of lysine led to reduced larval size, survival and prepupal rates, especially when high amounts of lysine were provided. The results of this study indicate that a lysine content of 0.3% in the substrate is sufficient for optimal larval growth. Using H. illucens larvae for animal protein production could, therefore, be accomplished with less lysine compared to many other farmed animals.

Epigenetic Mechanisms of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids Affecting Growth and Development of Offspring

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Zhibin Cheng ◽  
Yueyu Bai ◽  
Xi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Energy Processing ◽  
Living Organisms

Nutrients can regulate metabolic activities of living organisms through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation. Since the nutrients required for early embryos and postpartum lactation are derived in whole or in part from maternal and lactating nutrition, the maternal nutritional level affects the growth and development of fetus and creates a profound relationship between disease development and early environmental exposure in the offspring’s later life. Protein is one of the most important biological macromolecules, involved in almost every process of life, such as information transmission, energy processing and material metabolism. Maternal protein intake levels may affect the integrity of the fetal genome and alter DNA methylation and gene expression. Most amino acids are supplied to the fetus from the maternal circulation through active transport of placenta. Some amino acids, such as methionine, as dietary methyl donor, play an important role in DNA methylation and body’s one-carbon metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe effects of maternal dietary protein and amino acid intake on fetal and neonatal growth and development through epigenetic mechanisms, with examples in humans and animals.

Physiology of Larval Feeding

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

The functional properties of marine invertebrate larvae represent the sum of the physiological activities of the individual, the interdependence among cells making up the whole, and the correct positioning of cells within the larval body. This chapter examines physiological aspects of nutrient acquisition, digestion, assimilation, and distribution within invertebrate larvae from an organismic and comparative perspective. Growth and development of larvae obviously require the acquisition of “food.” Yet the mechanisms where particulate or dissolved organic materials are converted into biomass and promote development of larvae differ and are variably known among groups. Differences in the physiology of the digestive system (secreted enzymes, gut transit time, and assimilation) within and among feeding larvae suggest the possibility of an underappreciated plasticity of digestive physiology. How the ingestion of seawater by and the existence of a circulatory system within larvae contribute to larval growth and development represent important topics for future research.

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