The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). VII. A histophysiological study of certain skeletal muscles

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. George ◽  
N. V. Vallyathan ◽  
K. Ronald
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Histochemical Demonstration ◽  
Harp Seal ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Pagophilus Groenlandicus

A quantitative and histochemical study of Ms. pectoralis, gluteus, psoas, diaphragma (dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts separately) of the harp seal was carried out. Myoglobin and iron contents of all the muscles were high, highest being of M. psoas. Fat and glycogen were low in all muscles. The low glycogen value was possibly due to rapid glycolysis during struggle in capture and while the animal was under an overdose of sodium pentobarbital that was administered for killing it. Phosphorylase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity levels were also low. Lipase (tributyrinase) activity was high, that of M. diaphragma being higher than the other muscles studied. The histochemical investigation revealed some of the morphological and biochemical properties of the component fibers. Two types of fiber, the red (type 1) and white (type 2), comparable to those of other skeletal muscles were distinguished in all muscles except in the case of M. pectoralis where an intermediate type was also seen in sections treated for the histochemical demonstration of SDH activity.The low levels of fat and SDH in the muscles indicate that fat is not a favored metabolite for muscular energy. The significance of the high lipase (tributyrinase) activity is doubtful. It is suggested that the role of this enzyme is to clear the fat so as to prevent the accumulation of fat in the muscles which are, by and large, geared for a glycolytic metabolism as an adaptation for the animal's diving habit. The high myoglobin content of the muscles, however, should provide the oxygen necessary for the oxidation of glucose during the initial part of the dive.

scholarly journals Regulation of Dio2 gene expression by thyroid hormones in normal and type 1 deiodinase-deficient C3H mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia S Wagner ◽  
Simone M Wajner ◽  
José M Dora ◽  
Ana Luiza Maia
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
C3h Mice

The C3H/HeJ mouse presents an inherited type 1 deiodinase (D1) deficiency that results in elevated serum thyroxine (T4), whereas TSH and tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations are normal when compared with those in the C57BL/6J strain. Here, we evaluated the expression of the type 2 (D2), the other T4-activating enzyme, in C3H mice. A comparative analysis revealed that D2 mRNA levels in C3H are similar to those in C57 animals. The D2 activity in C3H pituitary and brain are reduced when compared with those in the C57 strain (3.75 ± 1.08 vs 5.78 ± 0.33 and 0.17 ± 0.05 vs 0.26 ± 0.07 fmol/min per mg protein respectively). However, no differences on D2 activity levels were observed in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) between both strains (0.34 ± 0.06 vs 0.36 ± 0.09 fmol/min per mg protein). Experiments using different T4 doses showed that higher levels of serum T4 than those of the C3H mouse are required to downregulate D2 activity in this tissue. T3 administration to euthyroid mice resulted in a two- to four-fold increase on D2 activity in BAT and brain of both strains, despite a marked decrease in BAT D2 transcripts and no changes in brain D2 mRNA levels. The increase in D2 activity was preceded by a decrease in serum T4 levels, which appears to reduce D2 degradation. Indeed, administration of T3 plus T4 abolished the T3-induced D2 upregulation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that D2 activity is mainly regulated at posttranslational level in a tissue-specific manner. These observations further characterize and provide insights into the complex and dual regulatory role of the iodothyronines in D2 regulation.

scholarly journals Role of Oral Antioxidant Supplementation in the Current Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4020
Author(s):  
Enrique Antonio Alfonso-Muñoz ◽  
Raquel Burggraaf-Sánchez de las Matas ◽  
Jorge Mataix Boronat ◽  
Julio César Molina Martín ◽  
Carmen Desco
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Diabetic Macular Oedema ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
Aged People

Oxidative stress has been postulated as an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR), the main cause of avoidable blindness in working-aged people. This review addressed the current daily clinical practice of DR and the role of antioxidants in this practice. A systematic review of the studies on antioxidant supplementation in DR patients was presented. Fifteen studies accomplished the inclusion criteria. The analysis of these studies concluded that antioxidant supplementation has a IIB level of recommendation in adult Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects without retinopathy or mild-to-moderate nonproliferative DR without diabetic macular oedema as a complementary therapy together with standard medical care.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Neurofibromatosis Type 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 204589402110295
Author(s):  
Hirohisa Taniguchi ◽  
Tomoya Takashima ◽  
Ly Tu ◽  
Raphaël Thuillet ◽  
Asuka Furukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
First Time

Although precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare but severe complication of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), its association with NF2 remains unknown. Herein, we report a case of a 44-year-old woman who was initially diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and treated with PAH-specific combination therapy. However, a careful assessment for a relevant family history of the disease and genetic testing reveal that this patient had a mutation in the NF2 gene. Using immunofluorescence and Western blotting, we demonstrated a decrease in endothelial NF2 protein in lungs from IPAH patients compared to control lungs, suggesting a potential role of NF2 in PAH development. To our knowledge, this is the first time that precapillary PH has been described in a patient with NF2. The altered endothelial NF2 expression pattern in PAH lungs should stimulate work to better understand how NF2 is contributing to the pulmonary vascular remodeling associated to these severe life-threatening conditions.

The role of modifiable pre-pregnancy risk factors in preventing adverse fetal outcomes among women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

2009 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie E. Inkster ◽  
Tom P. Fahey ◽  
Peter T. Donnan ◽  
Graham P. Leese ◽  
Gary J. Mires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fetal Outcomes ◽  
Pregnancy Risk

Keratoprostheses in silicone oil-filled eyes: long-term outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetha Iyer ◽  
Bhaskar Srinivasan ◽  
Shweta Agarwal ◽  
Ruchika Pattanaik ◽  
Ekta Rishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Visual Rehabilitation ◽  
Two Factors

PurposeTo analyse the functional and anatomical outcomes of different types of keratoprostheses in eyes with retained silicone oil following vitreoretinal surgery.MethodsRetrospective chart review of patients operated with any type of permanent keratoprosthesis (Kpro) in silicone oil-filled eyes between March 2003 and June 2017 were analysed.Results40 silicone oil-filled eyes underwent keratoprostheses, of which 22 were type 1 and 18 were type 2 Kpros (Lucia variant—nine, modified osteo odonto kerato prosthesis (MOOKP)—four, Boston type 2—three and osteoKpro—two) with a mean follow-up of 61.54 , 42.77, 45.25 , 25 and 37 months, respectively. Anatomic retention of the primary Kpro was noted in 33 eyes (82.5%). A best-corrected visual acuity of better than 20/200 and 20/400 was achieved in 26 (65%)+32 (80%) eyes. Retroprosthetic membrane (RPM) was the most common complication noted in 17 eyes (42.5%). Perioptic graft melt was noted in 4 of 22 eyes of the type 1 Kpro (2 (10.5%) without associated ocular surface disorder (OSD)) and in 1 eye each of Boston and Lucia type 2 Kpro. Laminar resorption occurred in one eye each of the MOOKP and OKP groups. Endophthalmitis and glaucoma did not occur in any eye.ConclusionAppropriately chosen keratoprosthesis is a viable option for visual rehabilitation in eyes post vitreoretinal surgery with retained silicone oil-induced keratopathy not amenable to conventional penetrating keratoplasty. Kpro melt among type 1 Kpro did not occur in 89.5% eyes without associated OSD (19 of 22 eyes), despite the lack of aqueous humour and presence of RPM (4 eyes), two factors considered to play a significant role in the causation of sterile melts. Of interest to note was the absence of infection in any of these eyes. The possible protective role of oil from endophthalmitis is interesting, though yet to be ascertained.

scholarly journals The role of selected mechanisms of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 544-549
Author(s):  
Paulina Trojanowska ◽  
Magdalena Chrościńska-Krawczyk ◽  
Alina Trojanowska ◽  
Ewa Tywanek ◽  
Jakub Wronecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins

Understanding the important role of the non-specific immune response in protecting the body against the development of numerous diseases has become partially possible after the discovery of several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group of cytoplasmic proteins called the inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through the PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and trigger an acute inflammatory reaction both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Low-grade systemic and local inflammation contributes to the development and progression of various conditions, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, which until recently were not even considered inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of specific innate immunity receptors and insulin resistance involved in these diseases pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Role of a registered dietitian in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracie J. Steinke ◽  
Elena L. O’Callahan ◽  
Jennifer L. York
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Registered Dietitian

Glial Cells and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines as Shared Neurobiological Bases for Chronic Pain and Psychiatric Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Judith A. Strong ◽  
Sang Won Jeon ◽  
Jun-Ming Zhang ◽  
Yong-Ku Kim
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

This chapter reviews the roles of cytokines and glial cells in chronic pain and in psychiatric disorders, especially depression. One important role of cytokines is in communicating between activated glia and neurons, at all levels of the nervous system. This process of neuroinflammation plays important roles in pain and depression. Cytokines may also directly regulate neuronal excitability. Many cytokines have been implicated in both pain and psychiatric disorders, including interleukin-1β‎ (IL-1β‎), tumor necrosis factor-α‎, and IL-6. More generally, an imbalance between type 1, pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 2, anti-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated in both pain and psychiatric disorders. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system can contribute to both pain and psychiatric disorders, in part through its actions on inflammation and the cytokine profile.

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