scholarly journals The role of selected mechanisms of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 544-549
Author(s):  
Paulina Trojanowska ◽  
Magdalena Chrościńska-Krawczyk ◽  
Alina Trojanowska ◽  
Ewa Tywanek ◽  
Jakub Wronecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins

Understanding the important role of the non-specific immune response in protecting the body against the development of numerous diseases has become partially possible after the discovery of several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group of cytoplasmic proteins called the inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through the PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and trigger an acute inflammatory reaction both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Low-grade systemic and local inflammation contributes to the development and progression of various conditions, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, which until recently were not even considered inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of specific innate immunity receptors and insulin resistance involved in these diseases pathogenesis.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2015 ◽  
Vol 172 (4) ◽  
pp. R167-R177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine H Allin ◽  
Trine Nielsen ◽  
Oluf Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Perturbations of the composition and function of the gut microbiota have been associated with metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Studies on mice have demonstrated several underlying mechanisms including host signalling through bacterial lipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, bacterial fermentation of dietary fibres to short-chain fatty acids and bacterial modulation of bile acids. On top of this, an increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium may lead to increased absorption of macromolecules from the intestinal content resulting in systemic immune responses, low-grade inflammation and altered signalling pathways influencing lipid and glucose metabolism. While mechanistic studies on mice collectively support a causal role of the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases, the majority of studies in humans are correlative of nature and thus hinder causal inferences. Importantly, several factors known to influence the risk of type 2 diabetes, e.g. diet and age, have also been linked to alterations in the gut microbiota complicating the interpretation of correlative studies. However, based upon the available evidence, it is hypothesised that the gut microbiota may mediate or modulate the influence of lifestyle factors triggering development of type 2 diabetes. Thus, the aim of this review is to critically discuss the potential role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals The Role of Markers of Low-Grade Inflammation for the Early Time Course of Glycemic Control, Glucose Disappearance Rate, and β-Cell Function in Recently Diagnosed Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Care ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1758-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina S. Weber ◽  
Bettina Nowotny ◽  
Klaus Strassburger ◽  
Giovanni Pacini ◽  
Karsten Müssig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Role of Neuronal Guidance Cues in the Pathophysiology of Obesity: A Peripheral and Central Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Sayuri Inoue ◽  
Mohammad Fauzan Bin Maideen ◽  
Alberto Jiménez-Maldonado ◽  
Fábio Santos Lira
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Integrative View ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Neuronal Guidance

: Obesity is associated with an exacerbated synthesis and secretion of several molecules, which culminates in chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Such conditions affect molecular and physiological responses of several organs and, if not resolved, predispose to the obese patients to suffer other diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, neural injuries, and cognitive impairments. A microenvironment with an excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines released by different cells, including immune and adipose cells lead to suffer metabolic and non-metabolic diseases during obesity. In this context, the role of neuronal guidance cues named netrin, semaphorin and ephrin is novel. Specifically, the available literature indicates that besides to their classic role as molecules that guide to the axon with its target site, the neuronal guidance cues exhibit immunomodulatory functions from adipose tissue to the neural environment. In the current narrative review, we discuss the participation of the neuronal guidance cues on the physiology and pathophysiology of obesity. We also discuss the feedback loop of the obesity on the netrin, semaphorin and ephrin functions that impair the structure and function of the brain. The integrative view of the neuronal guidance cues can be relevant to design new treatments focused to attenuate metabolic and immune disorders that suffering obese patients, and lead to them to acquire worse diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neural injuries.

scholarly journals Role of intracellular angiotensin II

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (4) ◽  
pp. H766-H771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Re
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Neuronal Nuclei ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Animal Physiology ◽  
A Cell

It has become clear that the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II, like other so-called intracrines, can act in the intracellular space. Evidence has accumulated indicating that such angiotensin II activity can be upregulated in disease states and cause pathology. Indeed, other intracrines appear to be involved in disease pathogenesis as well. At the same time, nitric oxide, potentially a cell protective factor, has been shown to be upregulated by intracellular angiotensin II. Recently data have been developed indicating that other potentially protective factors are directly upregulated at neuronal nuclei by angiotensin II. This led to the suggestion that intracellular angiotensin II is cell protective and not pathological. Here, the data on both sides of this issue and a possible resolution are discussed. In summary, there is evidence for both protective and pathological actions of intracellular angiotensin, just as there is abundant evidence derived from whole animal physiology to indicate that angiotensin–driven signaling cascades, including angiotensin II type 2 receptor- and Mas receptor-mediated events, can mitigate the effects of the angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (25). This mitigation does not negate the physiological and pathological importance of angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor action but does expand our understanding of the workings of both intracellular and extracellular angiotensin II.

6. Appetite, fat, and obesity

2014 ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Martin Luck
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Lifestyle Disease ◽  
Energy Shortage

‘Appetite, fat, and obesity’ considers the role of insulin in the body’s fat storage process. In the condition diabetes mellitus, the sugar level in the blood rises uncontrollably so the kidneys cannot stop it leaking into the urine. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which a person’s immune system attacks the insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreas. The only effective treatment is to inject the missing insulin. Type 2 diabetes is considered more of a lifestyle disease. But what exactly is the connection between obesity and poorly regulated blood glucose? The body has more hormones capable of responding to energy shortage than to energy abundance, which may be why keeping control of body weight can be difficult. The hormones affecting appetite are also discussed.

scholarly journals Interleukin-22 Might Act as a Double-Edged Sword in Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangchen Gong ◽  
Jin Wu ◽  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Mengyao Zhang ◽  
Jingning Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Artery Disease

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are both characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. The role of Th17 and its related cytokines in T2DM and CAD is unclear. Here we investigated the serum levels of five Th17-related cytokines (IL-17, IL-22, MIP-3α, IL-9, and IL-27) in T2DM, CAD, and T2DM-CAD comorbidity patients. IL-22 was found to be elevated in all three conditions. Elevated serum IL-22 was independently associated with the incidence of T2DM and CAD. Conversely, IL-22 was found to protect endothelial cells from glucose- and lysophosphatidylcholine- (LPC-) induced injury, and IL-22R1 expression on endothelial cells was increased upon treatment with high glucose and LPC. Blocking of IL-22R1 with IL-22R1 antibody diminished the protective role of IL-22. Our results suggest that IL-22 functions as a double-edged sword in T2DM and CAD and that IL-22 may be used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as T2DM and CAD.

scholarly journals The Role of MIF in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriko I. Sánchez-Zamora ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Autoimmunity and chronic low-grade inflammation are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus type one (T1DM) and type two (T2DM), respectively. Both processes are orchestrated by inflammatory cytokines, including the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). To date, MIF has been implicated in both types of diabetes; therefore, understanding the role of MIF could affect our understanding of the autoimmune or inflammatory responses that influence diabetic pathology. This review highlights our current knowledge about the involvement of MIF in both types of diabetes in the clinical environment and in experimental disease models.

scholarly journals Peran Leptin Terhadap Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral pada Penderita DM Tipe 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-760
Author(s):  
Catur Ambar Wati
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Tingling Sensation

Background: DM is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that occurs due to abnormal insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Symptoms that are complained of in diabetes mellitus sufferers are polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, and tingling sensation. The oral glucose tolerance test is a test used to diagnose DM when the blood glucose level is less firm, during pregnancy, or to screen for DM or TGT. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that regulate fat storage in the body and adjusts hunger to energy expenditure. Objective: to find out more about the role of leptin on TTGO in people with Type 2 diabetes. Methods: using literature studies from both national and international journals to increase knowledge and understanding of the topics discussed by summarizing the discussion topics and comparing the results presented in the article. Results: Leptin on TTGO examination in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance had a greater chance of becoming diabetes mellitus if there was no intervention in their lifestyle. Conclusion: Leptin plays a role in checking TTGO in people with Type 2 diabetes

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF AMPK AND MTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THE MECHANISM OF METFORMIN ACTION (literature review)

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
V. M. Pushkarev ◽  
L. K. Sokolova ◽  
V. V. Pushkarev ◽  
M. D. Tronko
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

It was analyzed the cellular and molecular links between chronic low-grade inflammation and caused by inflammation insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Particular emphasis is placed on the participation of AMPK and mTORC1 in the development of metabolic diseases caused by obesity. A detailed analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of action of the main drug used in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes — metformin.

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