Diversity and zoogeography of the non-oceanic Crustacea of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (excluding terrestrial Isopoda)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart B. Peck
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Pelagic Larvae ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Subterranean Waters ◽  
High Tide Line

Fifty-three species of adult crustaceans (excluding Isopoda) are now known from a diversity of non-oceanic habitats on the Galápagos Islands. These include hypersaline, brackish, and fresh coastal and inland surface waters, anchialine subterranean waters, and terrestrial habitats above the high-tide line such as supralittoral beach wrack and upland leaf litter. The faunal assemblage is physiologically defined by evolving away from the ancestral marine environment, before or after reaching the Galápagos Islands. It is taxonomically diverse and includes Notostraca, Conchostraca, Anostraca, Ostracoda (Myodocopa and Podocopa), Copepoda (Calanoida and Cyclopoida), Tanaidacea, Amphipoda, and Decapoda (Caridea, Anomura, and Brachyura). All members of the fauna (or their progenitors) have dispersed across an oceanic gap of at least 1000 km and have colonized the archipelago by three principal methods: (1) as swimming pelagic larvae or adults that dispersed passively by being carried through the sea; (2) through passive transport of nonswimming forms by rafting in or on floating debris on the sea surface; and (3) through passive biological transport of propagules by birds or insects. There is no direct evidence for the aerial (wind) transport of desiccation-resistant dormant stages such as eggs, but it is possible that this has occurred. Twenty-eight species are native and 25 are endemic. The supralittoral species and those in both temporary and permanent surface waters are generally native and widespread in the Americas. Three amphipod genera and one crab genus are endemic. Subterranean (anchialine) waters contain a high percentage of (often eyeless) endemics. The largest evolutionary shift is represented by an upland terrestrial amphipod that has evolved in situ from an ancestral supralittoral species.

An Overview of Maritime Transportation Dynamics-Mobilization and Livelihood in Galápagos Islands

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-90
Author(s):  
María Belén Arteaga-Custode ◽  
Claudia Fernanda Betancourt-Ruiz ◽  
María Serena López-Donoso ◽  
Sophia Veronique Nieto-Vasco ◽  
Carolina Stefanía Pantoja-Cabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Floating Population ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Sources

The Galápagos Islands are one of the biggest marine reserves in the world, home to a complex dynamic between its inhabitants, tourists, and biodiversity. Therefore, control over the logistics surrounding the resulting human mobilization process is fundamental to minimize the impact on the Islands' natural resources. This research gathers relevant information regarding the operation of the maritime transportation system of the islands and the waste management of its floating population based on official sources as well as in-situ observation. This chapter includes three sections with the purpose of maximizing the range of information analyzed. The first section covers the maritime cargo transportation from the continent to the islands. The second one covers the transportation of people between the islands, and the third covers the transportation and management of waste produced by each island. The information covers the institutions and policies that govern each of the systems considered and can serve to optimize the transportation logistics of the Galápagos Islands.

scholarly journals Modeling the strategies to eradicate rats introduced in the Galapagos Islands

Bionatura ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1433
Author(s):  
Camila Velastegui ◽  
Mary Pulgar-Sánchez ◽  
Kevin Chamorro
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Coexisting Species

The Galapagos Islands are well known for their incredible biodiversity and the inspiration for Charles Darwin's natural evolution theory. It is an ecosystem that has evolved without predators, so their native species are unfit for competition. As a result, this biodiversity has been threatened by invasive species like rats (Black and Norwegian). Nowadays, the primary strategy to control rats is by having drones that disperse a unique poisoned bait. Our study aims to mathematically model the strategies to eradicate rats in islands, based on previously reported processes. As a result, we are obtaining the approximated time to reduce its population as much as being eradicated, without threatening the coexisting species. We also propose a suitable alternative to be applied in the Galapagos Islands to recover their biodiversity richness. We find that rats' introduction has caused a decrease in the native species due to having specific traits that make them fitter in different situations. The best method to control species in such a sensitive environment is by the use of anticoagulant rodenticides. The current method used for eradicating rats seems to be the most profitable even though there is not enough information to see the collateral consequences of the poison technique. Furthermore, we propose this theoretical study complemented with in situ samplings to corroborate our hypothesis and improve our prediction model.

New shallow-water sponges (Porifera) from the Galápagos Islands

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5012 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-71
Author(s):  
CARINA SIM-SMITH ◽  
CLEVELAND HICKMAN, JR ◽  
MICHELLE KELLY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Eastern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Scuba Divers ◽  
First Time

Twenty-five new species of shallow-water sponges are described from the Galápagos Islands, a province of Ecuador in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Sponges were photographed in situ and collected by SCUBA divers between 2001 and 2004. New species include: Acanthancora equiformis sp. nov., Acanthella saladinorum sp. nov., Cacospongia hermanorum sp. nov., Cinachyrella solis sp. nov., Ciocalypta bustamanti sp. nov., Clathria (Microciona) stellata sp. nov., Clathrina andreusi sp. nov., Craniella lissi sp. nov., Dragmacidon raeae sp. nov., Dragmacidon hendersoni sp. nov., Haliclona (Haliclona) clairae sp. nov., Haliclona (Haliclona) dianae sp. nov., Haliclona (Reniera) oberi sp. nov., Haliclona (Soestella) spuma sp. nov., Haliclona (Soestella) roslynae sp. nov., Hemimycale harlequinus sp. nov., Hemimycale nathani sp. nov., Higginsia johannae sp. nov., Neopetrosia eructans sp. nov., Leucilla agitata sp. nov., Penares angeli sp. nov., Prosuberites vansoesti sp. nov., Suberea esmerelda sp. nov., Tethya annona sp. nov. and Tethya sorbetus sp. nov. In addition, three species have been recorded for the first time from the Galápagos Islands: Chalinula cf. molitba (De Laubenfels, 1949), Chelonaplysilla violacea (Von Lendenfeld, 1883) and Tedania (Tedania) tropicalis Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2018. This paper represents a significant contribution to our knowledge of the Porifera of the Galápagos Islands.

An amalgamated meter-thick sedimentary package enabled by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in El Garrapatero, Galapagos Islands

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elizabeth Martin Arcos ◽  
BreanynTiel MacInnes ◽  
Patricia Arreaga ◽  
Frances Rivera-Hernandez ◽  
Robert Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Tide ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Coastal System ◽  
2011 Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
Sand Sheet ◽  
Geomorphological Changes ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami

Tsunamis and storms instigate sedimentological and geomorphological changes to the coastal system, both long-term and ephemeral. To accurately predict future coastal hazards, one must identify the records that are generated by the processes associated with these hazards and recognize what will be preserved. Using eyewitness accounts, photographs, and sedimentology, this study documents pre- and post-tsunami conditions and constrains the timing and process of depositional events during and following the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami in the coastal system at El Garrapatero, Galapagos Islands. While the tsunami acted as both an erosional and depositional agent, the thick, fan-like sand sheet in El Garrapatero was primarily emplaced by overwash deposition during high tide from swell waves occurring between 19–25 March and 17–22 April 2011. The swell waves were only able to access the terrestrial coastal system via a channel carved by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami through the barrier sand dune. This combined deposit could result in an overestimation of the hazard if interpreted to be the result of only one event (either tsunami or wind-generated waves). An analogous sand layer, younger than 1390–1530 calyr BP, may record a similar, prior event.

Nanoplankton from the Galapagos Islands: two genera of spectacular coccolithophorids ( Ophiaster and Calciopappus ), with special emphasis on unmineralized periplast components

1983 ◽  
Vol 300 (1101) ◽  
pp. 435-462 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Characteristic Surface ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Elliptical Plate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Whole Mounts

On the basis of electron microscopy of dry whole mounts of wild material set up in situ mainly in the Galapagos Islands but with two introductory specimens from South Africa, the presence of unmineralized periplast components has been demonstrated in two genera of fully calcified coccolithophorids ( Ophiaster and Calciopappus ) and also in a broken cell, otherwise attributable to Chrysochromulina aff. fragilis Leadbeater. The last possesses many small elliptical plate scales with characteristic surface markings, together with fewer but larger sheet scales, each membranous, flexible, and almost without patterning except at the edge which carries a narrow zone of sparse radial striations. Both types of scale recur in the two coccolithophorid genera, the small elliptical plates as an underlayer beneath the coccoliths and the peripherally streaked membranes individually attached to the proximal surfaces of coccoliths as an integral part of their structure. Though present, these are more difficult to detect in Calciopappus than in Ophiaster in which they have been clearly demonstrated in specimens from both South Africa and the Galapagos Islands. In addition, some types of Ophiaster have also been shown to possess completely patternless membranes, detectable only by their indirect effects, occupying the apparently vacant plate centres of coccoliths in special positions. Other aspects of coccolith substructure are discussed with special reference to recurring difficulties regarding speciation in the two genera. Revised generic descriptions are provided but specific descriptions are limited to Ophiaster . These include revision of the two existing taxa (especially necessary for ‘ O. formosus Gran’) and the erection of three additional new taxa ( O. reductus sp.nov., O. minimus sp.nov. and O. formosus var. inversus var.nov.). The final discussion summarizes and comments on present knowledge of Chrysochromulina fragilis sens. lat. in relation to several genera of coccolithophorids including, but not limited to, Ophiaster and Calciopappus .

Nanoplankton from the Galapagos Islands: michaelsarsia elegans gran and halopappus adriaticus schiller (coccolithophorids) with special reference to coccoliths and their unmineralized components

1984 ◽  
Vol 305 (1123) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Whole Mounts ◽  
Made In

Marine plankton flagellates attributable to Michaelsarsia elegans Gran (type species of its genus) and Halopappus adriaticus Schiller (sensu Gaarder) have been investigated by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy supplementing light microscopy of dry whole mounts prepared in situ in the Galapagos Islands. Some external features, notably coccolith arrangement, have been re-interpreted, and information on others added or amplified. Some of the new details include the body coccoliths, which have been shown to be more complex than previously supposed, the bar-crystallites in particular being compound in both taxa. In addition, unmineralized components are shown to be present in all types of coccolith. They include patternless membranes spread across the proximal faces of body coccoliths and occupying the apparently vacant centres of ring-shaped coccoliths, while a highly characteristic, fragile, reticulum is limited to the central areas of the elongated appendage links in both taxa. The impact of these findings on general biological concepts is discussed in a preliminary way, drawing on cognate data previously published for Ophiaster and Calciopappus . It is concluded that the presence of apical appendages (anterior or posterior) in each of these genera is an independently acquired adaptation to some as yet unknown environmental factor or factors, whereas coccolith substructure is phyletically more meaningful. This indicates that Michael-sarsia , to which H. adriaticus should be transferred, is more remote from the other two genera than has hitherto been supposed. Finally an attempt has been made, in the light of aff the evidence, to assess for the first time the possible functional significance of the unmineralized coccolith components and some constructive suggestions have been tentatively formulated. The paper ends with a factual summary in the form of revised taxonomic diagnoses for M. elegans , M. adriaticus and the genus Michaelsarsia .

scholarly journals Performance of a Handheld Chlorophyll-a Fluorometer: Potential Use for Rapid Algae Monitoring

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1409
Author(s):  
Hamdhani Hamdhani ◽  
Drew E. Eppehimer ◽  
David Walker ◽  
Michael T. Bogan
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Calibration Equation ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Potential Use

Chlorophyll-a measurements are an important factor in the water quality monitoring of surface waters, especially for determining the trophic status and ecosystem management. However, a collection of field samples for extractive analysis in a laboratory may not fully represent the field conditions. Handheld fluorometers that can measure chlorophyll-a in situ are available, but their performance in waters with a variety of potential light-interfering substances has not yet been tested. We tested a handheld fluorometer for sensitivity to ambient light and turbidity and compared these findings with EPA Method 445.0 using water samples obtained from two urban lakes in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Our results suggested that the probe was not sensitive to ambient light and performed well at low chlorophyll-a concentrations (<25 µg/L) across a range of turbidity levels (50–70 NTU). However, the performance was lower when the chlorophyll-a concentrations were >25 µg/L and turbidity levels were <50 NTU. To account for this discrepancy, we developed a calibration equation to use for this handheld fluorometer when field monitoring for potential harmful algal blooms in water bodies.

scholarly journals Oceanic islands and climate: using a multi-criteria model of drivers of change to select key conservation areas in Galapagos

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Escobar-Camacho ◽  
Paulina Rosero ◽  
Mauricio Castrejón ◽  
Carlos F. Mena ◽  
Francisco Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Drivers Of Change

AbstractThe unique marine and terrestrial ecosystems of the Galapagos Islands are highly vulnerable to human-based drivers of change, including the introduction of invasive species, unsustainable tourism, illegal fishing, overexploitation of ecosystem services, and climate change. These drivers can interact with climate-based drivers such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at multiple temporal and spatial scales, exacerbating their negative impacts on already fragile ecosystems and the socioeconomic system of the Archipelago. In this review, we performed a literature review based on published literature from 1945 to 2020 and local and global climate databases to analyze drivers of change in the Galapagos. We developed and applied a spatial impact assessment model to identify high-ecological value areas with high sensitivity and exposure scores to environmental change drivers. We identified 13 priority HEVA that encompass ca. 23% (14,715 km2) of the Galapagos Archipelago, distributed in nearly 3% of the Galapagos Marine Reserve and 20% Galapagos National Park. Current and future impacts are likely to concentrate on the inhabited islands’ highlands, whereas marine impacts concentrate along most of the Galapagos Islands’ shorelines. These results are important for guiding the design and implementation of adaptation measures aimed at increasing ecosystem resilience and human adaptive capacity in the face of global environmental change. Overall, these results will be valuable in their application for preserving Galapagos biota, securing the provision of vital ecosystem services for resident human populations, and sustaining the nature-based tourism industry.

Household preferences for improved water services in the Galápagos Islands

2021 ◽  
pp. 100180
Author(s):  
William F. Vásquez ◽  
Nejem Raheem ◽  
Diego Quiroga ◽  
Valeria Ochoa-Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Household Preferences
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