North Atlantic Volcanic Ash (2010): Contemporary Social Vulnerability to a Natural Event

2017 ◽  
pp. 287-308
Author(s):  
Baerbel Langmann
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Natural Event

scholarly journals Volcanic Ash, Insecurity for the People but Securing Fertile Soil for the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Fiantis ◽  
Frisa Ginting ◽  
Gusnidar ◽  
M. Nelson ◽  
Budiman Minasny
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Security View ◽  
Agricultural Areas

Volcanic eruptions affect land and humans globally. When a volcano erupts, tons of volcanic ash materials are ejected to the atmosphere and deposited on land. The hazard posed by volcanic ash is not limited to the area in proximity to the volcano, but can also affect a vast area. Ashes ejected from volcano’s affect people’s daily life and disrupts agricultural activities and damages crops. However, the positive outcome of this natural event is that it secures fertile soil for the future. This paper examines volcanic ash (tephra) from a soil security view-point, mainly its capability. This paper reviews the positive aspects of volcanic ash, which has a high capability to supply nutrients to plant, and can also sequester a large amount of carbon out of the atmosphere. We report some studies around the world, which evaluated soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation since volcanic eruptions. The mechanisms of SOC protection in volcanic ash soil include organo-metallic complexes, chemical protection, and physical protection. Two case studies of volcanic ash from Mt. Talang and Sinabung in Sumatra, Indonesia showed the rapid accumulation of SOC through lichens and vascular plants. Volcanic ash plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and ensures soil security in volcanic regions of the world in terms of boosting its capability. However, there is also a human dimension, which does not go well with volcanic ash. Volcanic ash can severely destroy agricultural areas and farmers’ livelihoods. Connectivity and codification needs to ensure farming in the area to take into account of risk and build appropriate adaptation and resilient strategy.

scholarly journals The 852/3 CE Mount Churchill eruption: examining the potential climatic and societal impacts and the timing of the Medieval Climate Anomaly in the North Atlantic Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Mackay ◽  
Gill Plunkett ◽  
Britta Jensen ◽  
Thomas Aubry ◽  
Christophe Corona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Medieval Climate Anomaly ◽  
North Atlantic Region ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Climate Anomaly ◽  
White River ◽  
The North

Abstract. The 852/3 CE eruption of Mount Churchill, Alaska, was one of the largest first millennium volcanic events, with a magnitude of 6.7 (VEI 6) and a tephra volume of 39.4–61.9 km3 (95 % confidence). The spatial extent of the ash fallout from this event is considerable and the cryptotephra (White River Ash east; WRAe) extends as far as Finland and Poland. Proximal ecosystem and societal disturbances have been linked with this eruption; however, wider eruption impacts on climate and society are unknown. Greenland ice-core records show that the eruption occurred in winter 852/3 ± 1 CE and that the eruption is associated with a relatively moderate sulfate aerosol loading, but large abundances of volcanic ash and chlorine. Here we assess the potential broader impact of this eruption using palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, historical records and climate model simulations. We also use the fortuitous timing of the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption and its extensively widespread tephra deposition of the White River Ash (east) (WRAe) to examine the climatic expression of the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly period (MCA; ca. 950–1250 CE) from precisely linked peatlands in the North Atlantic region. The reconstructed climate forcing potential of 852/3 CE Churchill eruption is moderate compared with the eruption magnitude, but tree-ring-inferred temperatures report a significant atmospheric cooling of 0.8 °C in summer 853 CE. Modelled climate scenarios also show a cooling in 853 CE, although the average magnitude of cooling is smaller (0.3 °C). The simulated spatial patterns of cooling are generally similar to those generated using the tree-ring-inferred temperature reconstructions. Tree-ring inferred cooling begins prior to the date of the eruption suggesting that natural internal climate variability may have increased the climate system’s susceptibility to further cooling. The magnitude of the reconstructed cooling could also suggest that the climate forcing potential of this eruption may be underestimated, thereby highlighting the need for greater insight into, and consideration of, the role of halogens and volcanic ash when estimating eruption climate forcing potential. Precise comparisons of palaeoenvironmental records from peatlands across North America and Europe, facilitated by the presence of the WRAe isochron, reveal no consistent MCA signal. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that characterizes the MCA hydroclimate as time-transgressive and heterogeneous, rather than a well-defined climatic period. The presence of the WRAe isochron also demonstrates that no long-term (multidecadal) climatic or societal impacts from the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption were identified beyond areas proximal to the eruption. Historical evidence in Europe for subsistence crises demonstrate a degree of temporal correspondence on interannual timescales, but similar events were reported outside of the eruption period and were common in the 9th century. The 852/3 CE Churchill eruption exemplifies the difficulties of identifying and confirming volcanic impacts for a single eruption, even when it is precisely dated.

scholarly journals The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments of the Termination I Interval at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic, Based on the Study of the Core AMK-340

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Matul ◽  
Gablina ◽  
Khusid ◽  
Libina ◽  
Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Reykjanes Ridge ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Research

We made the geochemical analysis of the volcanic material from the sediment core AMK-340 (the Russian research vessel “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” station 340), the central zone of the Reykjanes Ridge. Two ash-bearing sediment units within the interval of the Termination I can be detected. They correlate with the Ash Zone I in the North Atlantic Late Quaternary sediments having an age of 12,170–12,840 years within the Younger Dryas cold chronozone and 13,600–14,540 years within the Bølling–Allerød warm chronozone. The ash of the Younger Dryas unit is presented mostly by the mafic and persilicic material originated from the Icelandic volcanoes. One sediment sample from this unit contained Vedde Ash material. The ash of the Bølling–Allerød unit is presented mostly by the mafic shards which are related to the basalts of the rift zone on the Reykjanes Ridge, having presumably local origin. Possible detection of Vedde Ash could help to specify the timing of the previously reconstructed paleoceanographic changes for the Termination I in the point of the study: significant warming in the area might have occurred as early as 300 years before the end of the conventional Younger Dryas cold chronozone.

scholarly journals Quantifying the mass loading of particles in an ash cloud remobilised from tephra deposits on Iceland

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Beckett ◽  
Arve Kylling ◽  
Guðmunda Sigurðardóttir ◽  
Sibylle von Löwis ◽  
Claire Witham
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Mass Loading ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
The North ◽  
Tephra Deposits ◽  
Strong Surface ◽  
Ash Cloud

Abstract. On the 16–17 September 2013 strong surface winds over tephra deposits in southern Iceland led to the resuspension and subsequent advection of significant quantities of volcanic ash. The resulting resuspended ash cloud was transported to the south-east over the North Atlantic Ocean and, due to clear skies at the time, was exceptionally well observed in satellite imagery. We use satellite based measurements in combination with radiative transfer and dispersion modelling to quantify the total mass of ash resuspended during this event. Typically ash clouds from explosive eruptions are identified in satellite measurements from a negative Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) signal, however this technique assumes that the ash resides at high levels in the atmosphere. Due to a temperature inversion in the troposphere over southern Iceland during the 16 September 2013 the resuspended ash cloud was constrained to altitudes of

scholarly journals Desarrollo Territorial bajo Sequía y Cenizas

ILUMINURAS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Murgida ◽  
Fernando Martín Laham ◽  
Carlos Juan Pedro Chiappe ◽  
Martín Ariel Kazimierski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
Patagonian Steppe ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ash Fall ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
The People

Las capacidades materiales y simbólicas de las poblaciones para hacer frente a situaciones socioambientales catastróficas o de crisis o extremas, se perciben y valoran culturalmente, quedando expresadas en el modo de integrar el riesgo o la anomalía en su adaptación, es decir, en su modo de desarrollo. Desde la teoría del riesgo esto se define como vulnerabilidad social, mientras que desde la gestión pública del desarrollo social, la vulnerabilidad quedaría definida con relación a las capacidades de las poblaciones para mejorar sus condiciones de reproducción social y económica en la normalidad, y bajo situaciones de excepción como frente a amenazas físico-naturales o socioeconómicas. Aquí nos proponemos explorar la correlación entre la situación vulnerable de la población de la estepa patagónica en la provincia de Río Negro, bajo la presión de eventos extremos como la sequía y la caída de cenizas volcánicas, y los proyectos gubernamentales que se aplican en el área, sin incorporar un enfoque que atienda la complejidad ambiental.Palabras claves: Estepa Patagónica. Gestión del Riesgo.Vulnerabilidad. Adaptación. Comunidades AborígenesSocial development under drought and ashes AbstractMaterial and symbolic capacity of populations to confront with catastrophic social and environmental situations or crisis or extreme, are perceived and valued culturally, are being expressed on how to integrate the risk or abnormality in their adaptation, for example, in their way of developing. From the theory of risk which is defined as social vulnerability, while from the public management of social development, the vulnerability would be defined in relation to the capacity of the people to improve their social and economic reproduction in normal situations and under exception as against physical-natural or socio-economic threats. Here we propose to explore the correlation between the vulnerability of the population of the steppe in the province of Río Negro, under the pressure of extreme events such as drought and volcanic ash fall, and government projects that apply in the area without incorporating an approach that addresses environmental complexity.Keywords: Patagonian Steppe. Risk Management. Vulnerability. Adaptation. Aboriginal communities. 

Subpolar North Atlantic Circulation at 9300 yr BP: Faunal Evidence

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.F. Ruddiman ◽  
L.K. Glover
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
Oceanic Fronts ◽  
Drift Current ◽  
Silicic Volcanic

We have examined the circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic at 9300 yr BP by using a dispersed layer of silicic volcanic ash as a synchronous horizon. At the level of this datum, we have reconstructed from foraminiferal evidence a geologically synoptic view of seasonal variations in sea-surface temperatures and salinities. The reconstruction defines two oceanic fronts at 9300 yr BP: (1) the meridionally oriented Polar Front bordering the axis of deglacial outflow of Arctic and Laurentide ice and meltwater and (2) a zonal portion of the Subarctic Convergence along 48° N, marking a major confluence between the subtropical and subpolar gyres. The 9300-yr configuration primarily differed from the modern pattern in the more easterly position (by 3°) of the Polar Front and the more southerly (3°) and easterly (5°) position of the Subarctic Convergene. Both fronts had been merged at 18,000 yr BP into the full-glacial Polar Front; at 9300 yr BP, they were approaching the end of a northwestward deglacial retreat toward the modern interglacial positions.There were two dominant departures at 9300 yr BP from the Earth's modern configuration, both related to deglaciation: the very large Laurentide Ice Sheet still covering eastern North America to 48° N, and the region of cold Arctic/Laurentide deglacial outflow. These two features caused: a more easterly position than now of the region of upper air divergence and lower air convergence downstream from the Ice Sheet and meltwater outflow; a more intense expression of this upper air divergence and lower air convergence over the central portion of the subpolar North Atlantic; and a latitudinally more stable axis of convergence of surface westerlies over this region. These factors apparently caused the stronger oceanic convergence along 48°N than at present. They also created a stronger, southeastward-directed wind drift current, which opposed the meridional (northward) flow typical of the present interglaciation.

scholarly journals The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments of the Termination I Interval at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic, Based on Study of the Core AMK-340

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Matul ◽  
Irina F. Gablina ◽  
Tatyana A. Khusid ◽  
Natalya V. Libina ◽  
Antonina I. Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Rift Zone ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Reykjanes Ridge ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
The North

Based on the geochemical analysis of the volcanic material from the sediment core AMK-340, central zone of the Reykjanes Ridge, we could detect two ash-bearing sediment units accumulated during the Termination I. They correlate to the Ash Zone I in the North Atlantic Late Quaternary sediments having an age of 12170-12840, within the Younger Dryas cold chronozone, and 13600-14540 years, within and Bølling-Allerød warm chronozone. The ash of the Younger Dryas unit is presented mostly by the mafic and persilicic material originated from the Icelandic volcanoes; Vedde Ash is presented in one sediment sample from this unit. The ash of the Bølling-Allerød unit is presented mostly by the mafic shards which are related to the basalts of the rift zone on the Reykjanes Ridge, having presumably the local origin. A detection of Vedde Ash helped to specify the timing of the previously reconstructed paleoceanographic changes for the Termination I in the point of study: a significant warming in the area could occur as early as 300 years prior to the end of the conventional Younger Dryas cold chronozone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document