Effects of CO2 and Temperature on Crops: Lessons from SPAR Growth Chambers

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

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Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.481d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 481d-481

Author(s):

Z. Wang ◽

M.C. Acock ◽

B. Acock

Keyword(s):

Flowering Time ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Papaver Somniferum ◽

Opium Poppy ◽

Photoperiod Response ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Critical Photoperiod ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

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Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 447d-447

Author(s):

Meriam Karlsson ◽

Jeffrey Werner

Keyword(s):

Day Length ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Cyclamen Persicum ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Leaf Unfolding ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

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Continuous Lighting Reduces Conidial Production and Germinability in the Rose Powdery Mildew Pathosystem

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-3-0339 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 339-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

A. Suthaparan ◽

Arne Stensvand ◽

S. Torre ◽

Maria L. Herrero ◽

R. I. Pettersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Interspecific Hybrid ◽

Day Length ◽

Artificial Light ◽

Potted Plants ◽

Severity Of Disease ◽

Detached Leaves ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

The Rose

The effect of day length on production and germinability of conidia and severity of disease caused by Podosphaera pannosa, the causal agent of rose powdery mildew, was studied. Whole potted plants or detached leaves of Rosa interspecific hybrid ‘Mistral’ were inoculated with P. pannosa and exposed to 0, 12, 18, 20, 22, or 24 h of artificial light per day in growth chambers equipped with mercury lamps. Increasing duration of illumination from 18 to 20 to 24 h per day reduced production of conidia by 22 to 62%. Exposure to 24 h of illumination per day also strongly reduced disease severity compared with 18 h. Our results suggest that increasing day lengths from 18 h per day to 20 to 24 h may suppress the disease significantly and, thereby, reduce the need for fungicide applications against powdery mildew.

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Continuous automatic measurement of rhythms in fungal respiration using a gas chromatograph

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b73-087 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 701-710 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Roger S. Smith

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Quantitative Measure ◽

Automatic Measurement ◽

Carbon Dioxide Production ◽

Chromatographic Technique ◽

Gas Chromatograph ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Long Term Measurement

The long-term measurement of aerobic fungal respiration, both on an agar medium and on wood blocks, was possible using a gas-chromatographic technique for the detection of the carbon dioxide. This method was fully automated to analyze gas samples sequentially from eight or more growth chambers, after variable but determined time periods. It provided a precise quantitative measure of the respired carbon dioxide, presented both in the form of punched computer tape and normal printed teleprinter output. This apparatus worked continuously for several years without serious breakdown.The fungi Lentinus lepideus, Lenzites trabea, Poria monticola, and several strains of Coniophora puteana all showed a rhythm in their respiration which was not controlled by temperature or light. The magnitude and frequency of the rhythmical peaks in carbon dioxide production varied between fungi and, although there was considerable variation between different isolates of the same species, the separation of these species of fungi based on their different patterns of respiration was possible.

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Further aspects of the artificial illumination of plant growth chambers

Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research ◽

10.1016/0021-8634(65)90119-8 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 212-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G.A. Carpenter ◽

L.J. Moulsley ◽

P.A. Cottrell ◽

R. Summerfield

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Artificial Illumination ◽

Growth Chambers

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Mechanical signatures of microbial biofilms in micropillar-embedded growth chambers

Soft Matter ◽

10.1039/c5sm02755a ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 5224-5232 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. C. Chew ◽

B. Kundukad ◽

W. K. Teh ◽

P. Doyle ◽

L. Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Microbial Biofilms ◽

Growth Chambers

Biofilms are surface-attached communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular matrix and are essential for the cycling of organic matter in natural and engineered environments.

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