CONTRACT MANUFACTURING IN LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250023
Author(s):  
AN-CHI TUNG ◽  
HENRY WAN
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Significant Benefit ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Contract Manufacturing ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Open Network ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Economy Of Scope ◽  
Contract Manufacturers

Contract manufacturing is the catalyst shaping the world economy under globalization. Affirming the dominance of the open network in organizing worldwide value chains, it transformed Japan and US into trade partners rather than rivals. It allows firms like Apple, Nokia and Sony to outsource production tasks to People's Republic of China, which serves as the world's workplace, and provides a niche for Singapore and Taiwan in late industrialization. Tapping into the economy of scope from the pooling of capacity and information, contract manufacturers like Foxconn and Flextronics provide durable and significant benefit for their economies of domicile, hence a novel niche in late industrialization.

scholarly journals Chemical industry and value-added trade – A comparative study on Hungary and Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Folfas ◽  
Beáta Udvari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
New Products ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
The World ◽  
Chemical Products

Nowadays, global production networks (GPN) and global value chains (GVC) play an important role in the world economy intensifying the trade and production networks and resulting in products having value-added in different countries. The analysis of how many intermediate products a country imports in order to produce a product and of how many products a country exports to another country in order to produce new products draws the attention to value-added trade. In the present study, we compare the Hungarian and Polish value-added trade of chemicals and chemical products. We use the OECD-WTO data of value-added trade, which is based on an input-output table. By calculating numerous indices, we reveal that the domestic value-added of chemicals and chemical products in the two countries was relatively low and should be increased by adequate economic policy.

scholarly journals Development of regional transport and logistics systems in the transformation of Russia's role in global value chains

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 05010
Author(s):  
Natalia Verbitskaya
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Logistics Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies ◽  
New Jobs

This article discusses the transformational capabilities of regional transport and logistics systems in the context of global value chains development, the so-called GVCs (Global value chains) [1], also related to the mining industry in Russia. The GVCs in the world economy are associated with increasing the efficiency of using national economies resources, creating and maintaining new jobs, increasing welfare and political stability, considered in the context of sustainable global development.

scholarly journals «Silk Road of Health» – an innovative and infrastructural basis for the post-pandemic recovery of the world economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-195
Author(s):  
Kobiljon Kh. Zoidov ◽  
◽  
Alexey A. Medkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
R Project ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
The Impact

The study is aimed at analyzing the content and main directions of the formation of the transit health economy on the example of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) and its most important component – the Silk Road of Health (SRH), as well as the measures of the Chinese authorities to combat the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Goal. To identify and analyze the internal contradictions of the B&R Initiative, which the pandemic has clearly shown, to develop proposals for the mutual linking of the various directions of the Chinese project in relation to the development of the transit economy in Russia. Tasks. Description of the content and main directions of the SRH; analysis of measures to combat the spread of the pandemic carried out by the authorities of the People's Republic of China (PRC), its provinces, as well as Russia, other states involved in the B&R project, in the context of modes of transport and the transport and communication system as a whole in the form of restrictions on export-import and transit cargo and passenger flows, difficulties in crossing borders, ship calls at seaports and crew changes; analysis of the impact of the pandemic and measures to combat it on the development of the transit economy. Methodology. The research uses the methods of world system analysis, evolutionary and institutional theory, economic and mathematical modeling, expert and analytical assessments. Results. It is shown that the pandemic has revealed the relevance and importance of the formation and development of the transit economy of health as a key direction of the post-crisis recovery of the world economy and the Russian national economic system. It was determined that the reorientation of cargo flows to rail transport was particularly evident in the field of transportation, which before the pandemic was carried out by air, i.e., in the segment of expensive goods, for which it is important to reduce the delivery time. It is indicated that an important anti-epidemic measure is the growth and passage of containerized cargo. It was emphasized that the high degree of uncertainty with sanitary standards in China creates nervousness in the market of export and transit cargo transportation. The main directions of the formation of SRH in Russia are outlined. Conclusions. The pandemic has increased awareness of the critical importance of digital connectivity to enhance the adaptive capacity of the global community and the global economy to meet today's challenges. Of all the components of the B&R, the anti-pandemic areas of the Initiative, namely, the SRH, the Digital Silk Road (DSR) and the Green Silk Road (GSR), should have priority. Russia should actively promote its own initiatives and projects for the development of the transit economy of health.

Kazakstan and Xinjiang: Regional Players in the World Economy

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Sharip Nadyrov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Production Labor ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the large international companies of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) began to emphasize collaboration with the former Soviet republics because of opportunities for new markets and raw materials. There are several basic problems, however, demanding serious research into such trade prospects:(1) The definition of economic and technological variants in the division of labor among Russia, Central Asia, and the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including the roles of Kazakstan and Xinjiang.(2) Defining needs and prioritizing units of production, labor, transportation, etc.(3) Macropolitical and macroeconomical forecasts of the situations in Russia, Central Asia, and China.(4) Research on the optimum forms of cooperation.

MEASURING MONGOLIA’S GAINS FROM TRADE AND INCREASED INTEGRATION IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950021
Author(s):  
ENKHMAA BATTOGTVOR ◽  
CRAIG PARSONS
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Transitional Economies ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Trade Cost ◽  
Welfare Impact ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Tariff Equivalent

Following the gains from variety literature ( Broda and Weinstein , 2006 ), we estimate the welfare impact of the dramatic increase in imported varieties growth in Mongolia and find it to be considerably larger than that found in previous studies of other transitional economies. Our results show that from 1988 to 2015, the gains from variety were equal to 22 percent of Mongolia’s GDP, or 0.8 percent annually. As such, this paper measures the gains of one of the most profound trade liberalizations in modern history. Also, by calculating Novy measures of trade costs, we find that the tariff-equivalent trade costs between any of its trade partners fell dramatically since the dissolution of and Mongolia’s exit from the Soviet-led CMEA (Council of Mutual Economic Association). Our calculations suggest that the costs between Mongolia and China, now its biggest trading partner, fell from 114% to 63%. For reference, this is twice the decline of the post-NAFTA US-Mexico trade costs. Other bilateral trade cost declines (e.g. with Germany) were even greater.

scholarly journals Russia and China in the field of international tourism

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-393
Author(s):  
Anna S. Matveevskaya ◽  
◽  
Sergey N. Pogodin ◽  
Jun Tao Wang ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The World ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
Global Tourism

International tourism is an instrument of diplomatic, socio-cultural and economic cooperation of states that have realized the importance of international relation trend in the modern world. This is stipulated by the elevation of the role of tourism for the world economy and interstate diplomacy, for social and economic living conditions of the population, the formation of a state’s identity in the international arena, for improving a country’s reputation, and participation in foreign policy as a whole. The most dynamically developing region of the world economy is Northeast Asia, which has become a region with the greatest potential for development of the world tourism industry. Russia and China are superpowers in Northeast Asia and are rich in tourism resources and markets that will play an important role in the future global tourism industry. The purpose of this study is to provide comprehensive coverage of important events in the field of cooperation in tourism between China and Russia, to form a holistic picture of cooperation between the two countries in the tourism industry. The main method of research is analysis — aspects of the current international situation in the field of tourism are considered, and a detailed review of the situation of Russia and China as tourist destinations is conducted. The work was carried out on the basis of studying and using fundamental national and international research in the following scientific areas: mechanism of international cooperation between the two countries in international tourism, prescribed in treaties and agreements; Russian territories attractive to Chinese tourists; development of joint tourist routes. The results of the study showed that with regular contact between people from the two countries it is possible to create favorable conditions for cooperation and to achieve truly mutually beneficial results. Collaboration and cooperation of the states, national organizations on tourism development, makes it possible to increase the incomes of the states, attracting foreign capitals, and partially reorient the economy and legislation to attract foreign tourists. Successful diplomatic negotiations, and maintenance of a stable peaceful existence of the world community, promotes the expansion of the tourism sphere that positively influences the economy and development of culture in the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China.

scholarly journals Quantitative dynamics of intra-BRICS trade

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-23
Author(s):  
Mohd Nayyer Rahman ◽  
Zeenat Fatima ◽  
Nida Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Trade Partners

The study uses an augmented gravity model to analyse intra-BRICS trade flows and the potential for establishing economic cooperation. It examines trade relations between BRICS with the help of the gravity model of international trade. Panel data from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed for bloc analysis of 20 trade partners. The analysis of the intra-BRICS trade flows is based on the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The results obtained confirm that the intra-BRICS trade relations have a sound positive impact on economic performance in these countries. Market size and economic index have a beneficial effect on the intra-BRICS trade flows. Market size is very elastic to trade, while trade tariffs and taxes within BRICS are manageable. Hence, the intra-BRICS trade has the potential to create strong economic ties within the member countries, and cooperation between the BRICS countries can have a significant influence on the globalisation of the world economy.

scholarly journals Theoretical Considerations about the Possible Impact of Globalisation on Europe’s Economic Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasa Daugėlienė
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Inclusive Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Economy Of Scope

AbstractScientific works (starting from 1873) of famous economists and political philosophers based on theoretical/philosophical considerations about the preconditions of changes on world economy of scope stipulate the inclusive analysis of factors which possibly influence the challenges of society and economy in the 21st century. It is very modern to claim that manifestation of globalisation is the origin of all changes. The European Commission states that about one-fifth of the increase in the economies of EU countries over the past 50 years depends on integration of the world economy, that is, globalisation. Taking this into account, the article presents theoretical considerations about the possible impact of globalisation on Europe’s economic development. Three scientific problems are raised: Does globalisation affect economic growth and how could this process be managed? Which are the derivatives of globalisation that influence positive changes in a country’s economy? Is it possible to eliminate or diminish the effect of the more negative aspects of globalisation? Among the research methods used in the article are theoretical comparative analysis of the scientific works, and analysis of legal documents as well as strategies and practical papers in this field. The article also presents three tasks: to systematise arguments presented in existing scientific works (theories) as well as in EU initiatives considering the phenomenon of globalisation, to highlight the tendencies in Europe’s economic development that are associated with globalisation, and to present recommendations for managing the influence of globalisation to the development of EU’s economy. The article presents systematised arguments of published scientific works (theories) as well as EU initiatives considering the phenomenon of globalisation. The impact, positive as well as negative, of globalisation on the development of economy is highlighted and the criteria for the manifestation of globalisation is systematised. This instrument could be used to assess the impact of globalisation on economic development

scholarly journals Big pharma’s search for a COVID-19 vaccine: Take It To The Limit!

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. I-VII
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Segers ◽  
Elina Gaile-Sarkane
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
The World ◽  
New Business ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
New Business Models

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic undermines the world economy, the affordability and accessibility of our health systems. It puts an increasing strain on global production, supply and value chains. The research and development of a set of COVID-19 vaccines is an unprecedented triumph of rapid innovation. The sense of urgency has prompted academic research institutions, big pharmaceuticals and dedicated biotechnology companies to develop vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease. Simultaneously, it unlocks new value for business, patients and society. Consequently, new business models have come to the forefront.

China's Internationalization in the Early People's Republic: Dreams of a Socialist World Economy

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 870-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
East European ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
The Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Formative Years

The People's Republic of China, like the Chinese Communist Party that ruled it, was from its conception internationalist in premise and in promise. The PRC in its formative years would be Moscow's most faithful and self-sacrificing ally, a distinction earned in blood in Korea and by the fact that, unlike the East European “people's democracies,” the PRC's allegiance was not bought at gunpoint. This article researches one of the most ambitious international undertakings of that era: the effort to plan the development of half the world and to create a socialist world economy stretching from Berlin to Canton. What was China's role in this undertaking, and how did it shape the early PRC? How did this socialist world economy work (or not work)? How successfully internationalist was a project negotiated by sovereign (and Stalinist) states? Why did Mao Zedong ultimately destroy it, and with it, the dream of communist internationalism?

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