scholarly journals COSMIC RAYS FROM THE KNEE TO THE SECOND KNEE: 1014 TO 1018eV

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 1533-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÖRG R. HÖRANDEL
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Energy Particles

The energies of cosmic rays, fully ionized charged nuclei, extend over a wide range up to 1020 eV. A particularly interesting energy region spans from 1014 to 1018 eV, where the all-particle energy spectrum exhibits two interesting structures, the "knee" and the "second knee". An explanation of these features is thought to be an important step in understanding the origin of the high-energy particles. Recent results of air shower experiments in this region are discussed. Special attention is drawn to explain the principle of air shower measurements — a simple Heitler model of (hadronic) air showers is developed.

scholarly journals CODALEMA: A COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWER RADIO DETECTION EXPERIMENT

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ARDOUIN ◽  
A. BELLETOILE ◽  
D. CHARRIER ◽  
R. DALLIER ◽  
L. DENIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Detection Experiment ◽  
Transient Signals ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Radio Detection

The CODALEMA experimental device currently detects and characterizes the radio contribution of cosmic ray air showers : arrival directions and electric field topologies of radio transient signals associated to cosmic rays are extracted from the antenna signals. The measured rate, about 1 event per day, corresponds to an energy threshold around 5.1016eV. These results allow to determine the perspectives offered by the present experimental design for radiodetection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays at a larger scale.

Tokyo large air shower project

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S255-S258 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Matano ◽  
M. Nagano ◽  
K. Suga ◽  
G. Tanahashi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Telemetry System ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Fundamental Idea ◽  
Air Shower

A preliminary experiment to detect large air showers by means of radio echoes and to study the high-energy end of the primary cosmic-ray energy spectrum has been started at this Institute. The fundamental idea and the first approach of the experiment are presented. Using the telemetry system between two pairs of a simple scintillation array, which has been constructed to identify and calibrate the showers in the above experiment, the decoherence curve of air showers has been measured between 100 and 1 300 m together with the particle density in each detector. This simple experiment will give the power of the size spectrum above 109.

scholarly journals Air showers, hadronic models, and muon production

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
S. J. Sciutto
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Muon Production

We report on a study about some characteristics of muon production during the development of extended air showers initiated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Using simulations with the recent new version of the AIRES air shower simulation system, we analyze and discuss on the observed discrepancies between experimental measurements and simulated data.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENTS OF COSMIC RAYS WITH ICETOP/ICECUBE: STATUS AND RESULTS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (39) ◽  
pp. 1230038 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSIO TAMBURRO
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Electromagnetic Signal ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Nuclear Composition ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Transient Events

The IceCube Observatory at the South Pole is composed of a cubic kilometer scale neutrino telescope buried beneath the icecap and a square-kilometer surface water Cherenkov tank detector array known as IceTop. The combination of the surface array with the in-ice detector allows the dominantly electromagnetic signal of air showers at the surface and their high-energy muon signal in the ice to be measured in coincidence. This ratio is known to carry information about the nuclear composition of the primary cosmic rays. This paper reviews the recent results from cosmic-ray measurements performed with IceTop/IceCube: energy spectrum, mass composition, anisotropy, search for PeV γ sources, detection of high energy muons to probe the initial stages of the air shower development, and study of transient events using IceTop in scaler mode.

The Kolar Gold Fields extensive air shower experiment

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S13-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Chatterjee ◽  
G. T. Murthy ◽  
S. Naranan ◽  
K. Sivaprasad ◽  
B. V. Sreekantan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Size Range ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lateral Distribution ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Extensive Air Shower ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Shower Size

Measurements have been made on high-energy muons (>220 GeV and >640 GeV) in extensive air showers in the size range 105–107 particles. Results on the energy spectrum, lateral spread (for Eμ > 220 GeV), and the dependence of the total number of muons on the shower size are given. The relation between the number of muons (Nμ) and the shower size (N) can be expressed as[Formula: see text]Assuming an exponential lateral distribution of high-energy muons, the average lateral spread of muons of energy >220 GeV has been found to be ~40 m.The results are compared with the predictions of the calculations done by Murthy et al. (1967).

THE DETECTION OF THE HIGH-ENERGY EAS MUON COMPONENT WITH THE LST DETECTOR OF KASCADE-GRANDE

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 6781-6783
Author(s):  
◽  
A. BERCUCI ◽  
T. ANTONI ◽  
W. D. APEL ◽  
F. BADEA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Muon Component ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Streamer Tube ◽  
Energy Discrimination ◽  
Extended Area

A Limited Streamer Tube (LST) detector system has been installed at the KASCADE-Grande experiment to study the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) muon component above a threshold of 2.4 GeV. The extended area of 255 m2 of the LST and the fine granularity of detection enables a detailed study of the muon spatial distribution in the very central zone of the air shower. A dedicated, fractal based analysis has been developed to take advantage of the observables of this detector setup. The sensitivity on cosmic rays mass and energy discrimination has been verified, based on 1.5 years of data collection by the KASCADE experiment.

Computer simulations of cosmic-ray air showers III. Fluctuations in shower development

1974 ◽  
Vol 339 (1617) ◽  
pp. 171-195 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Maximum Development

Detailed studies are made of the fluctuations of a wide range of parameters in computer-simulated extensive air showers in attempts to design experiments which will be sensitive to the mass number of primary cosmic rays of energy 10 17 -10 18 eV. The computational procedures depend heavily on the Monte Carlo technique and the model for the high-energy interactions of nucleons and pions is simple, involving pionization only. The magnitudes of the fluctuations of the electron size, muon sizes and depths of cascade maximum development are determined as a function of the energy and mass of the primary particle. The origin of the fluctuations is identified for showers initiated by primary protons of various energies from studies of the correlations between observable parameters of the showers and measures of the stage of longitudinal development of the electron cascade. The correlation between the different components of air showers and between these components and the longitudinal cascade development are evaluated for over 50 parameters in the showers. Measurable parameters depending little on the longitudinal development of a shower (and hence being good measures of the primary particle energy) and those depending strongly on the cascade development (being indications of the nature of the primary particle) are identified.

scholarly journals General overview of recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Caruso on beh. of the P. Auger Collaboration
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Pierre Auger Observatory ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Scientific Results

Since June 2008 the Pierre Auger Observatory, designed for the research of ultra high energy cosmic rays, is taking data in its final configuration. In this paper I will present a short overview of its recent scientific results. More specifically, I will discuss the all particle energy spectrum and the evidence for the GZK features, the measurement of the elongation rate and the resulting inferences on mass composition, the evidence for anisotropy in the subset of the highest energy events.

Computer simulations of cosmic-ray air showers I. Average characteristics of proton initiated showers

1974 ◽  
Vol 339 (1617) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Mass Number ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adopted Model ◽  
Shower Development

Computer simulations have been made of the average characteristics of extensive air showers initiated by primary protons in a wide range of energy. The simulations, which are perhaps unusual in the detailed information available for each shower, have been made as part of a design study for future experiments intended to identify the mass number of energetic primaries. The sensitivity of the data from our simulations to the detail of the adopted model for interactions has been investigated by incorporating the consequences of the results from recent accelerator and cosmic ray experiments. The simulations have been made by means of a variety of computational techniques; in most simulations a simple representation of the interaction of high-energy nucleons and pions has been employed which is characterized by accounting well for presently available experimental data on large air showers. We conclude that the treatment of showers, although derived with a simple model for interactions, may be usefully employed to study the fluctuations in air-shower development.

Estimation of mass composition of high energy cosmic rays via modeling a relation between lateral distribution parameters and shower age

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1750161
Author(s):  
Saeed Doostmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lateral Distribution ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Extensive Air Shower ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Distribution Parameters

Lateral distribution function of extensive air showers of energetic cosmic rays, indicate how secondary particles spread over a surface detectors. There are many different universal formulas between lateral distribution parameters and shower age parameter which can be used to infer about maximum development of extensive air shower (which is a key parameter to estimate the mass composition of primary cosmic rays). At present work, an estimated percent of mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is investigated by comparison between Ivanov et al. modeling of simulated data, which has been done by CoRSiKa, and Yakutsk experimental data.

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