Computer simulations of cosmic-ray air showers III. Fluctuations in shower development

1974 ◽  
Vol 339 (1617) ◽  
pp. 171-195 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Maximum Development

Detailed studies are made of the fluctuations of a wide range of parameters in computer-simulated extensive air showers in attempts to design experiments which will be sensitive to the mass number of primary cosmic rays of energy 10 17 -10 18 eV. The computational procedures depend heavily on the Monte Carlo technique and the model for the high-energy interactions of nucleons and pions is simple, involving pionization only. The magnitudes of the fluctuations of the electron size, muon sizes and depths of cascade maximum development are determined as a function of the energy and mass of the primary particle. The origin of the fluctuations is identified for showers initiated by primary protons of various energies from studies of the correlations between observable parameters of the showers and measures of the stage of longitudinal development of the electron cascade. The correlation between the different components of air showers and between these components and the longitudinal cascade development are evaluated for over 50 parameters in the showers. Measurable parameters depending little on the longitudinal development of a shower (and hence being good measures of the primary particle energy) and those depending strongly on the cascade development (being indications of the nature of the primary particle) are identified.

Computer simulations of cosmic-ray air showers II. Showers initiated by heavy primary particles

1974 ◽  
Vol 339 (1617) ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
Energy Interaction ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Primary Particles

Computer simulations have been made of large extensive air showers initiated by nuclei heavier than protons. The work forms part of a study of future experiments designed to identify the nature of the energetic primary particles. A model based upon data from nuclear emulsion experiments has been used to represent the break-up of the primary nuclei in collision with air nuclei. Differences in shower characteristics are predicted which are dependent upon the choice of model for the fragmentation of the primary nucleus and its energy. The major cause of fluctuations in the longitudinal development of showers produced by heavy particles is shown to be the pattern of the fragmentation of the incident nucleus. In the absence of a precise knowledge of the high-energy interaction, we have not identified any parameter in large showers which, if measurable and averaged over many showers, will reflect strongly the nature of the primary particle.

scholarly journals Energy cutoff effect in CORSIKA on the detected particles of ππ0 decay channel

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-676
Author(s):  
Şeyma Atik Yılmaz ◽  
Ali Yılmaz ◽  
Haluk Denizli ◽  
Kaan Yüksel Oyulmaz
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Decay Channel ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Inclined Plane ◽  
Energy Cutoff ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Particle Kinetic Energy

CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for Kascade) has various features in the creation of the extensive air showers with several characteristics where the users can configure the input card to achieve the desired result. ECUT is a parameter defined as the low energy cutoff of the particle kinetic energy for hadrons, muons, electrons, and photons. We investigate the effect of the different ECUT values on the detected particles in 107 – 5 × 108 GeV primary particle energy range where π–π0 decay channel chosen with 5 km shower development length. The selected ECUT values in this study are 0.05 and 0.1 GeV for both hadrons and muons and 0.05 GeV for electrons and photons. The effect of the reducing by half on the energy cutoff value is studied for the detector array located on an inclined plane, which is planned for upward τ detection.

Computer simulations of cosmic-ray air showers I. Average characteristics of proton initiated showers

1974 ◽  
Vol 339 (1617) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Mass Number ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adopted Model ◽  
Shower Development

Computer simulations have been made of the average characteristics of extensive air showers initiated by primary protons in a wide range of energy. The simulations, which are perhaps unusual in the detailed information available for each shower, have been made as part of a design study for future experiments intended to identify the mass number of energetic primaries. The sensitivity of the data from our simulations to the detail of the adopted model for interactions has been investigated by incorporating the consequences of the results from recent accelerator and cosmic ray experiments. The simulations have been made by means of a variety of computational techniques; in most simulations a simple representation of the interaction of high-energy nucleons and pions has been employed which is characterized by accounting well for presently available experimental data on large air showers. We conclude that the treatment of showers, although derived with a simple model for interactions, may be usefully employed to study the fluctuations in air-shower development.

SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 6831-6833
Author(s):  
TIM HUEGE ◽  
HEINO FALCKE
Keyword(s):  
Radio Emission ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Azimuth Angle ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Particle Detector ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Air Fluorescence

Radio emission from cosmic ray air showers has the potential to become an additional, cost-effective observing technique for cosmic ray research, being largely complementary to the well-established particle detector and air fluorescence techniques. We present Monte Carlo simulations of radio emission from extensive air showers in the scheme of coherent geosynchrotron radiation from electron-positron pairs gyrating in the earth's magnetic field. Preliminary results of our simulations are the predicted frequency, primary particle energy, shower zenith angle, shower azimuth angle and polarization dependence of the radio emission. These properties can be directly related to data measured by LOPES and other experiments.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENTS OF COSMIC RAYS WITH ICETOP/ICECUBE: STATUS AND RESULTS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (39) ◽  
pp. 1230038 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSIO TAMBURRO
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Electromagnetic Signal ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Nuclear Composition ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Transient Events

The IceCube Observatory at the South Pole is composed of a cubic kilometer scale neutrino telescope buried beneath the icecap and a square-kilometer surface water Cherenkov tank detector array known as IceTop. The combination of the surface array with the in-ice detector allows the dominantly electromagnetic signal of air showers at the surface and their high-energy muon signal in the ice to be measured in coincidence. This ratio is known to carry information about the nuclear composition of the primary cosmic rays. This paper reviews the recent results from cosmic-ray measurements performed with IceTop/IceCube: energy spectrum, mass composition, anisotropy, search for PeV γ sources, detection of high energy muons to probe the initial stages of the air shower development, and study of transient events using IceTop in scaler mode.

scholarly journals MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
T. HUEGE ◽  
H. FALCKE
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Radio Emission ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Radio Signal ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Shower Maximum

As a basis for the interpretation of data gathered by LOPES and other experiments, we have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of geosynchrotron radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The simulations, having been verified carefully with analytical calculations, reveal a wealth of information on the characteristics of the radio signal and their dependence on specific air shower parameters. In this article, we review the spatial characteristics of the radio emission, its predicted frequency spectrum and its dependence on important air shower parameters such as the shower zenith angle, the primary particle energy and the depth of the shower maximum, which can in turn be related to the nature of the primary particle.

scholarly journals COSMIC RAYS FROM THE KNEE TO THE SECOND KNEE: 1014 TO 1018eV

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 1533-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÖRG R. HÖRANDEL
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Energy Particles

The energies of cosmic rays, fully ionized charged nuclei, extend over a wide range up to 1020 eV. A particularly interesting energy region spans from 1014 to 1018 eV, where the all-particle energy spectrum exhibits two interesting structures, the "knee" and the "second knee". An explanation of these features is thought to be an important step in understanding the origin of the high-energy particles. Recent results of air shower experiments in this region are discussed. Special attention is drawn to explain the principle of air shower measurements — a simple Heitler model of (hadronic) air showers is developed.

scholarly journals On the origin of the TeV gamma-ray emission from Cygnus X-3

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 14008
Author(s):  
V.G. Sinitsyna ◽  
V.Y. Sinitsyna
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wide Energy Range ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Very High

Cygnus X-3 binary system is a famous object studied over the wide range of electromagnetic spectrum. Early detections of ultra-high energy gamma-rays from Cygnus X-3 by Kiel, Havera Park and then by Akeno triggered the construction of several large air shower detectors. Also, Cygnus X-3 has been proposed to be one of the most powerful sources of charged cosmic ray particles in the Galaxy. The results of twenty-year observations of the Cyg X-3 binary at energies 800 GeV - 85 TeV are presented with images, spectra during periods of flaring activity and at low flux periods. The correlation of TeV flux increases with flaring activity at the lower energy range of X-ray and radio emission from the relativistic jets of Cygnus X-3 is found as well as 4.8-hour orbital modulation of TeV γ-ray intensity. Detected modulation of TeV γ-ray emission with orbit and important characteristics of Cyg X-3 such as the high luminosity of the companion star and the close orbit leads to an efficient generation of γ-ray emission through inverse Compton scattering in this object. The different type variability of very high-energy γ-emission and correlation of radiation activity in the wide energy range can provide essential information on the mechanism of particle production up to very high energies.

scholarly journals Average shape of longitudinal shower profiles measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Sofia Andringa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pierre Auger Observatory ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Shape Parameters ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Shower Maximum ◽  
Detailed Composition ◽  
First Time

The average profiles of cosmic ray shower development as a function of atmospheric depth are measured for the first time with the Fluorescence Detectors at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The profile shapes are well reproduced by the Gaisser-Hillas parametrization at the 1% level in a 500 g/cm2 interval around the shower maximum, for cosmic rays with log(E/eV) > 17.8. The results are quantified with two shape parameters, measured as a function of energy. The average profiles carry information on the primary cosmic ray and its high energy hadronic interactions. The shape parameters predicted by the commonly used models are compatible with the measured ones within experimental uncertainties. Those uncertainties are dominated by systematics which, at present, prevent a detailed composition analysis.

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