scholarly journals A TOY MODEL OF THE FIVE-DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE WITH THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (29) ◽  
pp. 5051-5084
Author(s):  
WOJCIECH TARKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
A Value ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Intrinsic Angular Momentum ◽  
Energy Cutoff

A value of the cosmological constant in a toy model of the five-dimensional universe is calculated in such a manner that it remains in agreement with both astronomical observations and the quantum field theory concerning the zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum. The (negative) cosmological constant is equal to the inverse of the Planck length squared, which means that in the toy model the vanishing of the observed value of the cosmological constant is a consequence of the existence of an energy cutoff exactly at the Planck level. In turn, a model for both a virtual and a real particle–antiparticle pair is proposed which describes properly some energetic properties of both the vacuum fluctuations and created particles, as well as it allows one to calculate the discrete "bare" values of an elementary particle's mass, electric charge and intrinsic angular momentum (spin) at the energy cutoff. The relationships between the discussed model and some phenomena such as the Zitterbewegung and the Unruh–Davies effect are briefly analyzed, too. The proposed model also allows one to derive the Lorentz transformation and the Maxwell equations while considering the properties of the vacuum filled with the sea of virtual particles and their antiparticles. Finally, the existence of a finite value of the vacuum-energy density resulting from the toy model leads us to the formulation of dimensionless Einstein equations which may be derived from the Lagrangian with a dimensionless (naively renormalized) coupling constant.

scholarly journals CPTM Discrete Symmetry, Quantum Wormholes and Cosmological Constant Problem

Universe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Sergey Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Discrete Symmetry ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Extended Space ◽  
Classical Geometry ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Charge Parity ◽  
Non Local

We discuss the consequences of the charge, parity, time, and mass (CPTM) extended reversal symmetry for the problems of the vacuum energy density and value of the cosmological constant. The results obtained are based on the framework with the separation of extended space-time of the interest on the different regions connected by this symmetry with the action of the theory valid for the full space-time and symmetrical with respect to the extended CPTM transformations. The cosmological constant is arising in the model due the gravitational interactions between the different parts of the space-time trough the quantum non-local vertices. It is proposed that the constant’s value depends on the form and geometry of the vertices that glue the separated parts of the extended solution of Einstein equations determining, in turn, its classical geometry. The similarity of the proposed model to the bimetric theories of gravitation is also discussed.

scholarly journals The Gravity of the Classical Klein-Gordon Field

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Chiarelli
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Gravity Equation ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Tensor Density ◽  
Hydrodynamic Motion ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Cosmological Effect

The work shows that the evolution of the field of the free Klein–Gordon equation (KGE), in the hydrodynamic representation, can be represented by the motion of a mass density ∝ | ψ | 2 subject to the Bohm-type quantum potential, whose equation can be derived by a minimum action principle. Once the quantum hydrodynamic motion equations have been covariantly extended to the curved space-time, the gravity equation (GE), determining the geometry of the space-time, is obtained by minimizing the overall action comprehending the gravitational field. The derived Einstein-like gravity for the KGE field shows an energy-impulse tensor density (EITD) that is a function of the field with the spontaneous emergence of the “cosmological” pressure tensor density (CPTD) that in the classical limit leads to the cosmological constant (CC). The energy-impulse tensor of the theory shows analogies with the modified Brans–Dick gravity with an effective gravity constant G divided by the field squared. Even if the classical cosmological constant is set to zero, the model shows the emergence of a theory-derived quantum CPTD that, in principle, allows to have a stable quantum vacuum (out of the collapsed branched polymer phase) without postulating a non-zero classical CC. In the classical macroscopic limit, the gravity equation of the KGE field leads to the Einstein equation. Moreover, if the boson field of the photon is considered, the EITD correctly leads to its electromagnetic energy-impulse tensor density. The work shows that the cosmological constant can be considered as a second order correction to the Newtonian gravity. The outputs of the theory show that the expectation value of the CPTD is independent by the zero-point vacuum energy density and that it takes contribution only from the space where the mass is localized (and the space-time is curvilinear) while tending to zero as the space-time approaches to the flat vacuum, leading to an overall cosmological effect on the motion of the galaxies that may possibly be compatible with the astronomical observations.

The interaction of kinks and elastic waves

1962 ◽  
Vol 266 (1325) ◽  
pp. 222-246 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Elastic Waves ◽  
String Model ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Radiation Reaction ◽  
Point Energy ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ordinary Point ◽  
Isotropic Elastic Medium

A kink on a dislocation in an isotropic elastic medium is treated as a 'point defect’ with a certain mass, constrained to move along a line and subject to a radiation reaction. A value for the mass is obtained from the well know n stretched-string model, and the radiation reaction is found by calculating the rate at which an oscillating kink radiates energy into the medium . It is found that the kink has a scattering cross-section for elastic waves which i§ proportional to the square of its width. For long waves the cross-section is independent of frequency, in contrast to the case of ordinary point defects. A kink moving through an isotropic flux of elastic waves experiences a retarding force proportional to the product of its velocity and the energy density of the waves. In connexion with a similar result for the retarding force on a dislocation moving rigidly it has been suggested that the expression for the energy density should include the zero-point energy. A formal quantum -mechanical calculation shows that this is not so in the case of a kink.

scholarly journals Vacuum solutions of Einstein equations that depend on one coordinate

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
S. Parnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Vacuum Metrics ◽  
Vacuum Solutions ◽  
Zero Frequency

In the famous textbook written by Landau and Lifshitz all the vacuum metrics of the general theory of relativity are derived, which depend on one coordinate in the absence of a cosmological constant. Unfortunately, when considering these solutions the authors missed some of the possible solutions discussed in this article. An exact solution is demonstrated, which is absent in the book by Landau and Lifshitz. It describes space-time with a gravitational wave of zero frequency. It is shown that there are no other solutions of this type than listed above and Minkowski’s metrics. The list of vacuum metrics that depend on one coordinate is not complete without solution provided in this paper.

scholarly journals Brownian motion and polarized three-dimensional quantum vacuum

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4 Jul-Aug) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Fiscaletti
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Nonlinear Model ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Fundamental Entity

A nonlinear model of Brownian motion is developed in a three-dimensional quantum vacuum defined by a variable quantum vacuum energy density corresponding to processes of creation/annihilation of virtual particles. In this model, the polarization of the quantum vacuum determined by a perturbative fluctuation of the quantum vacuum energy density associated with a fluctuating viscosity, which mimics the action of dark matter, emerges as the fundamental entity which generates the Brownian motion.

scholarly journals Substratum Interpretation of the Quark-Lepton Symmetries in the Planck Aether Model of a Unified Field Theory

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Winterberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Vector Boson ◽  
Quantum Hall ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Unified Field Theory ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Fractional Quantum Hall ◽  
Unified Field ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Many

Abstract An attempt is made to explain the observed quark-lepton symmetries in the framework of the recently proposed Planck aether model of a unfied field theory. If the many body lepton wave function can rearrange itself into a vortex-substructure, very much as it has been observed in the fractional quantum Hall effect, all the symmetries can be understood by the quantum numbers of these vortices and their interactions, and all fermions as permitted combinations of those vortices, including the correct number of force-transmitting bosons. The proposed model can also give a value for the mass of the intermediate vector boson. All charges are explained by the quantum mechanical zero point fluctuations of the Planck masses making up the Planck aether

Pengamanan Data melalui Model Super Enkripsi Autokey Cipher dan Transposisi Kolom

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1119
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fadlan ◽  
Haryansyah ◽  
Rosmini
Keyword(s):  
Data Security ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Avalanche Effect ◽  
A Value ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cryptographic Techniques ◽  
Effect Test ◽  
Effect Method

One of the essential instruments in the cyber era is data. Therefore, maintaining data security is an important thing to do. One way that can be done to maintain data security is through cryptography. In cryptography, two basic techniques are commonly used, namely substitution techniques and transposition techniques. One of the weaknesses of the basic cryptographic techniques is the lower level of data security. This study proposed a super encryption model in securing data by combining cryptographic algorithms with substitution techniques, i.e., autokey cipher and transposition, i.e., columnar transposition cipher. This study used the Avalanche Effect method as a measurement tool for the proposed super encryption model. The test results have shown that the proposed super encryption model can provide a better level of security. The avalanche effect test on the five data test shows that the average AE value of the proposed super encryption model is 30.76%. This value is higher than the single autokey cipher algorithm of 1.66% and column transposition with a value of 18.03%. Other results from the five data test have shown that the proposed model has a high level of accuracy of 100% in terms of the decryption process results, which is the same as the initial data before going through the encryption process.  

scholarly journals Minimal surfaces and generalized Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1950061
Author(s):  
M. Butler ◽  
A. M. Ghezelbash
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Minimal Surfaces ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Dilaton Field ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Maxwell Theory ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Cosmological Solutions

We present novel classes of nonstationary solutions to the five-dimensional generalized Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton theory with cosmological constant, in which the Maxwell’s field and the cosmological constant couple to the dilaton field. In the first class of solutions, the two nonzero coupling constants are different, while in the second class of solutions, the two coupling constants are equal to each other. We find consistent cosmological solutions with positive, negative or zero cosmological constant, where the cosmological constant depends on the value of one coupling constant in the theory. Moreover, we discuss the physical properties of the five-dimensional solutions and the uniqueness of the solutions in five dimensions by showing the solutions with different coupling constants cannot be uplifted to any Einstein–Maxwell theory in higher dimensions.

Weak Complexes of Dinitrogen: An Approach to the 14N-Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Constant of Free N2

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Legon ◽  
P. W. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Ground States ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Quadrupole Coupling Constant ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Constant ◽  
Quadrupole Coupling ◽  
Weak Complexes ◽  
Nuclear Quadrupole

AbstractThe 14N-nuclear quadrupole coupling constants χaa(14N<2>) and χaa(14N(1)) for the ground-states of the dimers 14N(2)14N(1) • • • HCCH and 14N(2)14N(1) • • • HC15N have been corrected for zero-point effects and for the electrical effects of the subunit HX to give two estimatesχ(14N) = -5.01 (13) and - 5.07 (8) MHz, respectively, for the coupling constant of the isolated 14N2 molecule

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