ZERO ENERGY GAUGE FIELDS AND THE PHASES OF A GAUGE THEORY

1990 ◽  
Vol 05 (14) ◽  
pp. 2783-2798 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.I. GUENDELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Massless Particles ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Higgs Fields ◽  
Invariant Gauge

A new approach to the definition of the phases of a Poincare invariant gauge theory is developed. It is based on the role of gauge transformations that change the asymptotic value of the gauge fields from zero to a constant. In the context of theories without Higgs fields, this symmetry can be spontaneously broken when the gauge fields are massless particles, explicitly broken when the gauge fields develop a mass. Finally, the vacuum can be invariant under this transformation, this last case can be achieved when the theory has a violent infrared behavior, which in some theories can be connected to a confinement mechanism.

scholarly journals Gauge × gauge = gravity on homogeneous spaces using tensor convolutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Borsten ◽  
I. Jubb ◽  
V. Makwana ◽  
S. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Homogeneous Spaces ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Convolution Product ◽  
Tensor Fields ◽  
Einstein Universe ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Static Einstein Universe ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gauge Gravity

Abstract A definition of a convolution of tensor fields on group manifolds is given, which is then generalised to generic homogeneous spaces. This is applied to the product of gauge fields in the context of ‘gravity = gauge × gauge’. In particular, it is shown that the linear Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) gauge transformations of two Yang-Mills gauge fields generate the linear BRST diffeomorphism transformations of the graviton. This facilitates the definition of the ‘gauge × gauge’ convolution product on, for example, the static Einstein universe, and more generally for ultrastatic spacetimes with compact spatial slices.

scholarly journals COUPLINGS BETWEEN A COLLECTION OF BF MODELS AND A SET OF THREE-FORM GAUGE FIELDS

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (31) ◽  
pp. 6477-6490 ◽  
Author(s):  
CONSTANTIN BIZDADEA ◽  
EUGEN-MIHĂIŢĂ CIOROIANU ◽  
SILVIU CONSTANTIN SĂRARU
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Master Equation ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Abelian Gauge ◽  
Abelian Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Free Theory ◽  
Lagrangian Action ◽  
Deformation Procedure

Consistent interactions that can be added to a free, Abelian gauge theory comprising a collection of BF models and a set of three-form gauge fields are constructed from the deformation of the solution to the master equation based on specific cohomological techniques. Under the hypotheses of smooth, local, PT invariant, Lorentz covariant, and Poincaré invariant interactions, supplemented with the requirement on the preservation of the number of derivatives on each field with respect to the free theory, we obtain that the deformation procedure modifies the Lagrangian action, the gauge transformations as well as the accompanying algebra.

scholarly journals FERMION DYNAMICS BY INTERNAL AND SPACETIME SYMMETRIES

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAKIA CARLEVARO ◽  
ORCHIDEA MARIA LECIAN ◽  
GIOVANNI MONTANI
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Stationary Solutions ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Spacetime Symmetries ◽  
Lorentz Transformations ◽  
Relativistic Limit ◽  
Spinor Structure ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
Fermion Fields

This paper is devoted to introduce a gauge theory of the Lorentz group based on the ambiguity emerging in dealing with isometric diffeomorphism-induced Lorentz transformations. The behaviors under local transformations of fermion fields and spin connections (assumed to be ordinary world vectors) are analyzed in flat spacetime and the role of the torsion field, within the generalization to curved spacetime, is briefly discussed. The fermion dynamics is then analyzed including the new gauge fields and assuming time-gauge. Stationary solutions of the problem are also analyzed in the non-relativistic limit, to study the spinor structure of an hydrogen-like atom.

scholarly journals Modern Conceptions of Cities as Smart and Sustainable and Their Commonalities

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna D’Auria ◽  
Marco Tregua ◽  
Manuel Vallejo-Martos
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Digital City ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
New Approach ◽  
H Index ◽  
City Life ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Definition Of

The present work aims to determine the existence of commonalities between two modern conceptions of cities, i.e., smart and sustainable. To accomplish this, the authors carried out a systematic review of the most-cited scientific contributions chosen by the scholars proposing conceptualisation of the two topics, according to the H-index determined by Web of Science. The findings show that the most important contributions representing the antecedents with respect to the concepts of a smart city and a sustainable city can be classified into three groups: labelled as what, how and with, and describing the definitions, the role of technology, and the pillars (in the case of a smart city); the groups labelled as what, how and with depicts definitions, change and challenges, and key features (in the case of a sustainable city). Starting from the conception of a smart city as the evolution of a digital city, the smart city concept not only considers aspects related to technology and innovation but adds the human features of city life. The sustainable city concept can be understood as a new approach through the filter of a new philosophy; it is an equitable and balanced setting of goals in line with the principles of sustainable development. Both concepts cannot be thought of as contrasting; in fact, they share many commonalities. This is because the attention focused on social, environmental and economic issues has framed the debate over sustainability and converged in the definition of a smart city and—obviously—in the notion of a sustainable city. The main contribution of this paper is in considering the smart city as mainly setting the guidelines of a transforming city, while the sustainable city is mostly thought as an approach and a philosophy to modern cities.

scholarly journals Gauge gravitation theory: Gravity as a Higgs field

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennadi Sardanashvily
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Riemannian Metrics ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Gravitation Theory ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Linear Connections ◽  
Gauge Symmetries ◽  
Higgs Fields ◽  
Gauge Gravitation

Gravitation theory is formulated as gauge theory on natural bundles with spontaneous symmetry breaking, where gauge symmetries are general covariant transformations, gauge fields are general linear connections, and Higgs fields are pseudo-Riemannian metrics.

The definition of traditional sanctions: their scope and characteristics

2008 ◽  
Vol 90 (870) ◽  
pp. 249-257
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Decaux
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Law Commission

AbstractFor more than 30 years the codification of state responsibility has been the main task of the International Law Commission, which has placed greater emphasis on financial reparations than on criminal sanctions. Since the 1990s, however, the responsibility of individuals for gross violations of humanitarian law has been one of the main topics in international law. This new approach implies discrepancies between domestic practice and international case law in terms of the nature and scale of sanctions, the role of victims and also the accountability of non-state entities, including private companies and international organizations.

Reframing construction within the built environment sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard de Valence
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Special Role ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Official statistics on the output of the construction industry capture on-site activities of contractors and sub-contractors; however, the role of the industry linking suppliers of materials, machinery, products, services and other inputs is also widely recognised. These two views have been called broad and narrow, with the narrow industry defined as on-site work and the broad industry as the supply chain of materials, products and assemblies, and professional services. An argument is made for using the term “built environment sector” (BES) for the broad industry definition of construction. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Construction industry statistics capture the on-site activities of contractors and sub-contractors. This paper reviews research that adds to construction output the contributions of suppliers of materials, machinery and equipment, products and components, professional services and other inputs required to deliver the buildings and structures that make up the built environment. Findings The same term, “construction”, has been used in a number of ways in different definitional studies of the narrow and broad industry. The term that best encompasses the large number and range of participants in the creation and maintenance of the built environment, from suppliers to end users, is the BES. Research limitations/implications Construction economics makes an important contribution to researching the macroeconomic role of the BES. There is also a special role for construction economics in researching both the boundaries of the BES and the data available on the industries that contribute to the BES. Practical implications Measuring the BES would improve the understanding of its macroeconomic role and significance. Social implications Measuring the BES would contribute to city policies and urban planning. Originality/value The paper proposes a new approach to defining and measuring the industries that contribute to the production, maintenance and management of the built environment. It introduces a new name for the combination of those industries.

scholarly journals PARALLEL TRANSPORT ON NON-ABELIAN FLUX TUBES

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 1695-1702
Author(s):  
AMITABHA LAHIRI
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Integrability Condition ◽  
Parallel Transport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Arbitrary Gauge

We propose a way of unambiguously parallel transporting fields on non-Abelian flux tubes, or strings, by means of two gauge fields. One gauge field transports along the tube, while the other transports normal to the tube. Ambiguity is removed by imposing an integrability condition on the pair of fields. The construction leads to a gauge theory of mathematical objects known as Lie 2-groups, which are known to result also from the parallel transport of the flux tubes themselves. The integrability condition is also shown to be equivalent to the assumption that parallel transport along nearby string configurations are equal up to arbitrary gauge transformations. Attempts to implement this condition in a field theory leads to effective actions for two-form fields.

scholarly journals David Lewis-Williams’s Cognitive Archeology: New Approach to Shamanism

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Aleksandra D. Belova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
David Lewis ◽  
Large Role ◽  
New Approach ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rock Paintings ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Main Ideas

The article outlines the main ideas of the archaeologist David Lewis-Williams and his contribution to the study of shamanism and the analysis of rock paintings. Author examines the depicted scenes, the process of the painting, as well as artifacts and ethnographic evidences of the alleged rituals. The reconstruction of rituals is accompanied by the Lewis-Williams’s conception of the spectrum of consciousness and its various states. Universal mental images arising during ASCs played a large role in the genesis of shamanism, and their fixation in rock art allows one to reconstruct the inner state of the creators of images and the role of trance experiences. The author finds confirmation of his concept in the history of religions. The article also contains critical remarks on the Lewis-Williams’ theory, mainly related to the definition of symbolic activity and the insufficient attention of the author to social organization. The author of the article partially agrees with the criticism, and also brings auxiliary theories that remove some of the criticism. The article outlines the prospects for using the Lewis-Williams’ method in analyzing not only rock paintings, but also folklore sources.

scholarly journals Nudge/sludge symmetry: on the relationship between nudge and sludge and the resulting ontological, normative and transparency implications

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
STUART MILLS
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Choice Architect ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Framework

Abstract A recent development within nudge theory is the concept of sludge, which imposes frictions on decision-making. Nascent literature adopts a normative interpretation of sludge: nudge good, sludge bad. However, this normative interpretation leaves much to be desired. A clear definition and treatment of sludge remains absent from this literature, as is a complete understanding of ‘frictions’. Furthermore, the relationship between nudges and sludges is unclear. This paper proposes the concept of nudge/sludge symmetry in an attempt to advance the conceptual understanding of sludge. Building from the definition of a nudge, three types of friction permissible under nudge theory are identified: hedonic, social and obscurant. Sludge is then positioned, in terms of frictions, relative to nudge: nudges decrease relative frictions, sludges increase relative frictions. A consequence of this proposition is nudge/sludge symmetry – where a nudge decreases the frictions associated with a specific option, sludge is simultaneously imposed on all other options available to a decision-maker. Nudge/sludge symmetry subsequently challenges the normative interpretation of sludge, and so a new framework drawing on the literature on nudges in the private sector is offered, with the choice architect placed at the centre. This new approach to sludge and emphasis on the role of the choice architect, in turn, reaffirms the importance of transparency in public policy interventions.

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