Colloids in the study of fundamental physics

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (18) ◽  
pp. 1840008
Author(s):  
Tian Hui Zhang ◽  
Bing Yue Zhang ◽  
Jing Sheng Cao ◽  
Ying Liang ◽  
Xiang Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Modeling Systems ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Fundamental Physical

Colloidal particles in solution exhibit phase behavior analogous to atoms. In the last decades, colloids have been widely employed as modeling systems in studying nucleation, crystallization, glass transition and melting. A number of advances have been achieved. These advances have greatly extended the understanding of fundamental physical phenomena. In this paper, we give a brief summary on these advances.

TIME, CLOCKS AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (12b) ◽  
pp. 2455-2467 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUS LÄMMERZAHL ◽  
HANSJÖRG DITTUS
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Basic Notion ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Fundamental Structure ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Physical Principles

Time is the most basic notion in physics. Correspondingly, clocks are the most basic tool for the exploration of physical laws. We show that most of the fundamental physical principles and laws valid in today's description of physical phenomena are related to clocks. Clocks are an almost universal tool for exploring the fundamental structure of theories related to relativity. We describe this structure and give examples where violations of standard physics are predicted and, thus, may be important in the search for a theory of quantum gravity. After stressing the importance for future precise clock experiments to be performed in space, we refer to the OPTIS mission, to which another article in this issue is devoted. It is also outlined that clocks are not only important for fundamental tests but at the same time are also indispensable for practical purposes like navigation, Earth sciences, metrology, etc.

Best System Approaches to Chance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
David Lewis ◽  
Radioactive Elements ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
System Approaches ◽  
Statistical Summary ◽  
Probabilistic Theories

Certain physical processes, such as the decay of radioactive elements, seem to involve an objective, non-epistemic type of probability, often called “chance”. Best system accounts, first proposed by David Lewis, offer a Humean interpretation of chance. On this account, chance is not a fundamental physical quantity, but a kind of statistical summary of actual outcomes. The interpretation explains the close connection between chance on the one hand and relative frequency, disorder, and rational credence on the other hand. It has also proved useful in understanding probabilistic theories outside fundamental physics. On the downside, the proposal arguably fails to vindicate some philosophical preconceptions about chance.

scholarly journals Solvent influence on the phase behavior and glass transition of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

2021 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 132-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Dohrn ◽  
Christian Luebbert ◽  
Kristin Lehmkemper ◽  
Samuel O. Kyeremateng ◽  
Matthias Degenhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Amorphous Solid Dispersions ◽  
Solvent Influence

scholarly journals Size-dependent thermodynamic structural selection in colloidal crystallization

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaaw5912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Pretti ◽  
Hasan Zerze ◽  
Minseok Song ◽  
Yajun Ding ◽  
Runfang Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Size Dependence ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Colloidal Crystallization ◽  
Kinetic Effects ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

Nucleation and growth of crystalline phases play an important role in a variety of physical phenomena, ranging from freezing of liquids to assembly of colloidal particles. Understanding these processes in the context of colloidal crystallization is of great importance for predicting and controlling the structures produced. In many systems, crystallites that nucleate have structures differing from those expected from bulk equilibrium thermodynamic considerations, and this is often attributed to kinetic effects. In this work, we consider the self-assembly of a binary mixture of colloids in two dimensions, which exhibits a structural transformation from a non–close-packed to a close-packed lattice during crystal growth. We show that this transformation is thermodynamically driven, resulting from size dependence of the relative free energy between the two structures. We demonstrate that structural selection can be entirely thermodynamic, in contrast to previously considered effects involving growth kinetics or interaction with the surrounding fluid phase.

scholarly journals Memristor Equations: Incomplete Physics and Undefined Passivity/Activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 1771001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M. Sundqvist ◽  
David K. Ferry ◽  
Laszlo B. Kish
Keyword(s):  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Passive System ◽  
Circuit Element ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
Passive Device ◽  
Fluctuation Dissipation ◽  
Passive Circuit ◽  
Fundamental Physical

In his seminal paper, Chua presented a fundamental physical claim by introducing the memristor, “The missing circuit element”. The memristor equations were originally supposed to represent a passive circuit element because, with active circuitry, arbitrary elements can be realized without limitations. Therefore, if the memristor equations do not guarantee that the circuit element can be realized by a passive system, the fundamental physics claims about the memristor as “missing circuit element” loses all its weight. The question of passivity/activity belongs to physics thus we incorporate thermodynamics into the study of this problem. We show that the memristor equations are physically incomplete regarding the problem of passivity/activity. As a consequence, the claim that the present memristor functions describe a passive device lead to unphysical results, such as violating the Second Law of thermodynamics, in infinitely large number of cases. The seminal memristor equations cannot introduce a new physical circuit element without making the model more physical such as providing the Fluctuation–Dissipation Theory of memristors.

scholarly journals Acoustic Manipulation of Droplets under Reduced Gravity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Hasegawa ◽  
Ayumu Watanabe ◽  
Yutaka Abe
Keyword(s):  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Reduced Gravity ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Droplet Dynamics ◽  
Half Wavelength ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Levitated Droplet ◽  
Ultrasonic Phased Array ◽  
Nonlinear Acoustic ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Abstract Contactless manipulation of matter is essential for studying physical phenomena. Acoustic manipulation of liquid samples using ultrasonic phased arrays provides a novel and attractive solution for mid-air manipulation, such as levitation, transportation, coalescence, mixing, separation, evaporation, and extraction, with a simple and single sequence. Despite the importance of gravity in droplet dynamics, its effect on a levitated droplet with an ultrasonic phased array remains unclear. To disseminate acoustic manipulation, better understanding of the fundamental physics of a droplet manipulated by ultrasonic phased arrays is required. Here, we show contactless levitation, transportation, and coalescence of multiple droplets under both ground and reduced gravity. Under ground gravity, the possible levitation size of the sample is limited to below the half wavelength of sound. Under reduced gravity, however, droplets that are larger than the limit can be successfully levitated, transported, and coalesced. Furthermore, the threshold of sound pressure for droplet levitation and manipulation could be minimised with the suppression of nonlinear acoustic phenomena under reduced gravity. These insights promote the development of contactless manipulation techniques of droplets for future space experiment and inhabitancy.

Physical basis of measurements and standards

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Афанасьев ◽  
Aleksandr Afanas'ev ◽  
Погонин ◽  
Anatoliy Pogonin
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Relation ◽  
Fundamental Physical Constants ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity

The manual presents elements of the theory of similarity and dimensions, presents concepts of classical measurement systems, elements of the modern physical picture of the world, stability of fundamental physical constants. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation, the principle of complementarity, the principles of creating a modern reference base based on the stability of micro-world objects, the essence of physical phenomena and effects, and the physical foundations of measuring con-verters in engineering are con-sidered.

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