An OLG Differential Game of Pollution Control with the Risk of a Catastrophic Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wrzaczek
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Differential Game ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Nash Solution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Type ◽  
The Individual

This paper studies an overlapping generations (OLG) differential game on optimal emissions with continuous age structure and different types of individuals. At the (stochastic) arrival of a catastrophic climate change, the utility and the damage to the stock of pollution change for the rest of the time horizon. We derive the open-loop (OL) Nash equilibrium and show that it is subgame perfect and moreover equal to the feedback Stackelberg one. We compare the solution to the cooperative one (using the social welfare as objective function) and show the different dynamic evolutions of optimal emissions over time. Finally, we derive a time-consistent tax scheme that reaches the cooperative optimal solution in the OL Nash equilibrium. The tax scheme turns out to be heterogeneous with respect to age and type (anticipating and nonanticipating the catastrophic climate change). Setting taxes that are homogeneous across the individual type leads to an OL Nash solution that produces socially optimal total emissions, but lower individual utilities.

The ZP Framework and Effective Leadership Behaviour in Problematic, Non-Problematic and Issue-Ridden Situations

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Rajendra Khandekar
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Problematic Situation ◽  
Effective Leader ◽  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Problematic Situations

A review of leadership literature reveals three patterns. First, all leadership theories address problematic situations. Second, leadership theories address problems at increasingly complex levels of social systems from individual to relationships to groups to organizations and finally societies. Third, leadership theories imply that an effective leader identifies, flexibly prioritizes and acts accordingly on task and emotional problems confronting the social system to achieve goals. This paper reframes the concept of ‘situation’ using the Zeroth P (ZP) framework to integrate the above three patterns. The ZP framework provides a way to sort situations into four different types of problematic and non-problematic situations. It is proposed that each type of situation requires different types of leader behaviours. The proposed appropriate combinations are: Celebratory behaviour in a non-problematic situation when what is happening is what should be happening; Boundary-clarifying behaviour, in a non-problematic situation where nothing is happening that should not be happening; Rebellious behaviour when what is happening should not be happening; and Visionary/Innovative behaviour when the leader envisions a better world or situation that does not yet exist, but should exist. Application of the framework is illustrated at the individual and group levels, and research avenues are pointed out.

The Social Psychology of Property: Looking Beyond Market Exchange

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual

Our social norms and moral values shape our beliefs about the propriety of different types of market exchanges. This review considers social and moral influences on beliefs about property and the consequences of these beliefs for the legal regulation of property. The focus is mainly on empirical evidence from social psychology, with additions from related areas like cognitive psychology, behavioral economics, and other social sciences. After briefly reviewing empirical findings on perceptions of property at the level of the individual person, I examine how social relationships shape perceptions about ownership and exchange of property, as well as the boundaries of the broad category of property. Finally, I explore one important type of socially embedded property—the home—and how social psychological conceptions of property as embedded in social relationships have clashed with the development of the legal doctrine of eminent domain.

scholarly journals The state and personality in the works of N.A. Berdyaev

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Stepan Yaichny
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

This article discusses the basic concepts of Berdyaev’s philosophy, traces the relationship of his philosophical view and political convictions. This relationship is revealed through the concept of personality, which is the central concept of Berdyaev’s philosophy. Through the attitude to the personality, we can reveal the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the institution of the state, understand the social preferences of the Russian philosopher, who has come a long way from the representative of Russian Marxism to Russian religious philosophy. Having understood his ideas about the ideal structure of society, we can understand the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the Soviet state. The article distinguishes between two different types of relationships: the individual and society - collectivism and communitarianism. Berdyaev’s view is shown in the origins of Russian communism, which, in the opinion of the philosopher, are found not only in Western European philosophy, but also in the historical mentality of Russian people.

scholarly journals The influence of care interventions on the continuity of sleep of intensive care unit patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Luiza Hamze ◽  
Cristiane Chaves de Souza ◽  
Tânia Couto Machado Chianca
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Oral Medicine ◽  
Health Care Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Demand ◽  
The Individual

Objective: to identify care interventions, performed by the health team, and their influence on the continuity of sleep of patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit.Method: descriptive study with a sample of 12 patients. A filming technique was used for the data collection. The awakenings from sleep were measured using the actigraphy method. The analysis of the data was descriptive, processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.Results: 529 care interventions were identified, grouped into 28 different types, of which 12 (42.8%) caused awakening from sleep for the patients. A mean of 44.1 interventions/patient/day was observed, with 1.8 interventions/patient/hour. The administration of oral medicine and food were the interventions that caused higher frequencies of awakenings in the patients.Conclusion: it was identified that the health care interventions can harm the sleep of ICU patients. It is recommended that health professionals rethink the planning of interventions according to the individual demand of the patients, with the diversification of schedules and introduction of new practices to improve the quality of sleep of Intensive Care Unit patients.

Working in group therapy during a period of social trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-171
Author(s):  
Lila Mitsopoulou-Sonta
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Social Trauma ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual

My experience in working with groups in therapy shows that the individual is inevitably bound to the social. Based on a group of borderline and psychotic patients in a psychiatric hospital, I would like to demonstrate the effects of social trauma (terrorist attack) on the internal life of the group, as well as the different types of transference that we observe in it. The group works with the ‘Photolanguage’ method. Patients have the possibility to put words on their affects, speak about memories and sensations through images that mobilize feelings in a playful manner. The capacity of the group to contain and to transform is precious and promotes the subjective appropriation of difficult affects. Group therapy is important in this type of situation as the diffusion of transference reinforces the capacity of contention in the group. The synergy between the group dynamics and the mediating object offers a field of work on the primitive experiences of each patient and creates a transformation of internal images and representations as the person works on the ‘first psychic material’, which is not elaborated.

scholarly journals The experience of patients in an outpatient infusion facility: a qualitative study

Facilities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Zijlstra ◽  
Mariët Hagedoorn ◽  
Stefan C.M. Lechner ◽  
Cees P. van der Schans ◽  
Mark P. Mobach
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose As hospitals are now being designed with an increasing number of single rooms or cubicles, the individual preference of patients with respect to social contact is of great interest. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the experience of patients in an outpatient infusion center. Design/methodology/approach A total of 29 semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed and analyzed by using direct content analysis. Findings Findings showed that patients perceived a lack of acoustic privacy and therefore tried to emotionally isolate themselves or withheld information from staff. In addition, patients complained about the sounds of infusion pumps, but they were neutral about the interior features. Patients who preferred non-talking desired enclosed private rooms and perceived negative distraction because of spatial crowding. In contrast, patients who preferred talking, or had no preference, desired shared rooms and perceived positive distraction because of spatial crowding. Research limitations/implications In conclusion, results showed a relation between physical aspects (i.e. physical enclosure) and the social environment. Practical implications The findings allow facility managers to better understand the patients’ experiences in an outpatient infusion facility and to make better-informed decisions. Patients with different preferences desired different physical aspects. Therefore, nursing staff of outpatient infusion centers should assess the preferences of patients. Moreover, architects should integrate different types of treatment places (i.e. enclosed private rooms and shared rooms) in new outpatient infusion centers to fulfill different preferences and patients should have the opportunity to discuss issues in private with nursing staff. Originality/value This study emphasizes the importance of a mix of treatment rooms, while new hospital designs mainly include single rooms or cubicles.

scholarly journals Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithms for Establishing Nash Equilibrium in Symmetric Cournot Games

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattheos K. Protopapas ◽  
Francesco Battaglia ◽  
Elias B. Kosmatopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Ergodic Markov Chain ◽  
Coevolutionary Algorithms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cournot Games

We use coevolutionary genetic algorithms to model the players' learning process in several Cournot models and evaluate them in terms of their convergence to the Nash Equilibrium. The “social-learning” versions of the two coevolutionary algorithms we introduce establish Nash Equilibrium in those models, in contrast to the “individual learning” versions which, do not imply the convergence of the players' strategies to the Nash outcome. When players use “canonical coevolutionary genetic algorithms” as learning algorithms, the process of the game is an ergodic Markov Chain; we find that in the “social” cases states leading to NE play are highly frequent at the stationary distribution of the chain, in contrast to the “individual learning” case, when NE is not reached at all in our simulations; and finally we show that a large fraction of the games played are indeed at the Nash Equilibrium.

On the Possibility of a Criminal Law Defence for Conscientious Objection

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Kugler
Keyword(s):  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Beliefs ◽  
Moral Wrong ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Law ◽  
Political Act ◽  
The Individual

In this paper, I will discuss the question of the response of the law to the social phenomenon of violation of the law from moral motives. This phenomenon is characterised by the fact that the motivation behind the violation of the law is the desire of the actor to act according to his moral beliefs. In the case of “normal” criminality, on the other hand, a person violates the law for non-moral reasons, e.g., to obtain an advantage, to release anger, etc. Within the category of morally-motivated violation, too, there are different types of breach. First, a distinction exists between “revolutionary disobedience” and other acts. “Revolutionary disobedience” might also be motivated by moral considerations, but it is differentiated in that it involves violations of the law which are intended to bring about a change in the existing regime. As opposed to this, there are violations of the law which are motivated by moral considerations, but which are perpetrated by people who are interested in the continuation of the existing regime and social structure in its entirety. I shall not deal with “revolutionary disobedience” in this paper.Secondly, even within the group of violations from moral motives which do not constitute “revolutionary disobedience”, the present practice is to identify two types of breach: civil disobedience and conscientious objection. The main thrust of the distinction is this: in essence, civil disobedience is a political act, an appeal to the public, and its aim is to bring about a change in the law or in policy which seem to the violator to be wrong or immoral. Conscientious objection is a personal act. The violator feels that should he submit to the law, in the circumstances, he will be committing a moral wrong. The objector’s act is not motivated by a desire to influence the whole polity, but rather, by a desire to stay clean, and not to perpetrate, with his own hands, a moral wrong. In effect this is an act of the individual defending himself against coercive pressures to perform what he regards as a moral wrong.

LABOR AS A MAIN FACTOR IN SCHOOL EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-286
Author(s):  
Konstantina Konstantinidou ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Multiple Intelligence ◽  
School Education ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Student Work ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Type ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Main Factor

The article examines the application of different types of work in the process of school education. The research is a product of a review of the monographic literature and of the Bulgarian periodicals in the field of pedagogy, as well as of author’s researches. As a result of the analysis the author comes to the conclusion that in the educational process it is necessary to apply differentiation within reasonable limits on the basis of the theory of multiple intelligence, as each type of student work is effective when it is based on the individual type of intelligence. student. The study examines the work on knowledge perception, knowledge acquisition and application of knowledge, as well as the basic principles of application of these types of work – independence, responsibility, organization and the principle of effective communication in the team organization of the application of acquired knowledge. To achieve high efficiency of the educational process it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the characteristics of each type of work in order to apply the most appropriate motivation to each specific student.

scholarly journals Water and Climate Change, Two Key Objectives in Agenda 2030: Assessment of Climate Literacy Levels and Social Representations in Academics from Three Climate Contexts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amor Escoz-Roldán ◽  
José Gutiérrez-Pérez ◽  
Pablo A. Meira-Cartea
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Climate Change and Water is an obvious and key issue within the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to investigate the social representation created around this relationship in three different territorial contexts in order to evaluate the influence of the territory on the perception of the risk of Climate Change and its relationship with water. By means of a questionnaire completed by 1709 university students, the climatic literacy of the individual was evaluated in order to relate it to other dimensions on the relationship between Climate Change and Water (information, training previous on climate change and pro-environmental attitudes) in their different dimensions in three different territorial contexts. The results show that the socio-cultural context influences the social representation of Climate Change, but not from the climatological condition, so that it is reasonable to think that the social representation of this relationship is favoured by a common culture around this relationship.

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