TERNARY AND NON-ASSOCIATIVE STRUCTURES

2008 ◽  
Vol 05 (08) ◽  
pp. 1265-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD KERNER
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Algebraic Structures ◽  
Associative Structures ◽  
To Come

We discuss ternary algebraic structures appearing in various domains of theoretical and mathematical physics. Some of them are associative, and some are not. Their interesting and curious properties can be exploited in future applications to enlarged and generalized field theoretical models in the years to come. Many ideas presented here have been developed and clarified in countless discussions with Michel Dubois-Violette.

scholarly journals Characterizations of Right Weakly Regular Semigroups in Terms of Generalized Cubic Soft Sets

Mathematics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Gulistan ◽  
Feng Feng ◽  
Madad Khan ◽  
Aslıhan Sezgin
Keyword(s):  
Research Direction ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Characteristic Functions ◽  
Algebraic Structures ◽  
Soft Sets ◽  
Regular Semigroups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Associative Structures ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Ideal

Cubic sets are the very useful generalization of fuzzy sets where one is allowed to extend the output through a subinterval of [ 0 , 1 ] and a number from [ 0 , 1 ] . Generalized cubic sets generalized the cubic sets with the help of cubic point. On the other hand Soft sets were proved to be very effective tool for handling imprecision. Semigroups are the associative structures have many applications in the theory of Automata. In this paper we blend the idea of cubic sets, generalized cubic sets and semigroups with the soft sets in order to develop a generalized approach namely generalized cubic soft sets in semigroups. As the ideal theory play a fundamental role in algebraic structures through this we can make a quotient structures. So we apply the idea of neutrosophic cubic soft sets in a very particular class of semigroups namely weakly regular semigroups and characterize it through different types of ideals. By using generalized cubic soft sets we define different types of generalized cubic soft ideals in semigroups through three different ways. We discuss a relationship between the generalized cubic soft ideals and characteristic functions and cubic level sets after providing some basic operations. We discuss two different lattice structures in semigroups and show that in the case when a semigroup is regular both structures coincides with each other. We characterize right weakly regular semigroups using different types of generalized cubic soft ideals. In this characterization we use some classical results as without them we cannot prove the inter relationship between a weakly regular semigroups and generalized cubic soft ideals. This generalization leads us to a new research direction in algebraic structures and in decision making theory.

scholarly journals Distributivity versus associativity in the homology theory of algebraic structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef H. Przytycki
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Homology Theory ◽  
Boolean Algebras ◽  
Algebraic Structures ◽  
Universal Algebras ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Associative Structures ◽  
Baxter Operator

AbstractWhile homology theory of associative structures, such as groups and rings, has been extensively studied in the past beginning with the work of Hopf, Eilenberg, and Hochschild, homology of non-associative distributive structures, such as quandles, were neglected until recently. Distributive structures have been studied for a long time. In 1880, C.S. Peirce emphasized the importance of (right) self-distributivity in algebraic structures. However, homology for these universal algebras was introduced only sixteen years ago by Fenn, Rourke, and Sanderson. We develop this theory in the historical context and propose a general framework to study homology of distributive structures. We illustrate the theory by computing some examples of 1-term and 2-term homology, and then discussing 4-term homology for Boolean algebras. We outline potential relations to Khovanov homology, via the Yang-Baxter operator.

The Problem of Apodictic Proof in Early Seventeenth-Century Mechanics. Galileo, Guevara, and the Jesuits

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
The Real ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Ideal

The ArgumentThe argument developed herein, a countertheme to the Merton thesis, is that the ideal of science pursued by Galileo and his contemporaries in Italy would be unaffected by their Catholic faith if it could achieve apodictic proof in the subject of its investigations, in which case it would attain truth – the very goal sought by that faith. Unfortunately such proof was hard to come by in early seventeenth-century mechanics. A case study is proposed to show Galileo's difficulty demonstrating the tensile strength of columns in mathematical physics on the basis of improper suppositions, contrasting these with the suppositions of a contemporary, Giovanni de Guevara. The case study casts new light on the subject of Galileo's atomism and its relation to the Eucharist, refuting Redondi's claim that this was the real motive behind Galileo's trial in 1633. A further lesson relating to the Merton thesis can also be drawn, namely, that while challenges to science from religious orthodoxy may appear as temporary obstacles, in the long run they are an aid to science in its efforts to bring mankind closer to the truth.

The Present Relations of Science and Religion

Philosophy ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 14 (54) ◽  
pp. 131-154
Author(s):  
C. D. Broad
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Eminent Scientist ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Psychical Research ◽  
To Come ◽  
Distinguished Scholar ◽  
The Many

Fifty or sixty years ago anyone fluttering the pages of one of the many magazines which then catered for the cultivated and intelligent English reader would have been fairly certain to come upon an article bearing somewhat the same title as that of the present paper. The author would probably be an eminent scientist, such as Huxley or Clifford; a distinguished scholar, such as Frederic Harrison or Edmund Gurney; or a politician of cabinet rank, such as Gladstone or Morley. Whichever side he might take, he would write with the moral fervour of which Englishmen at that time had an inexhaustible supply. Nowadays the so-called “conflict between Religion and Science,” which was then appetizingly hot from the oven, has acquired something of the repulsiveness of half-cold mutton in halfcongealed gravy. There seems to be a widespread opinion that Sir Arthur Eddington and Sir James Jeans, with some highly technical and not readily intelligible assistance from Professor Whitehead, have enabled the lion to lie down with the lamb. Well, I have no wish to pipe a discordant note in this scene of Messianic harmony. But I cannot help reflecting that psychology, anthropology, and psychical research have made considerable advances as well as mathematical physics; and that they seem prima facie much more likely to be relevant to religion. Even the ordinary common sense of the lawyer and the historian may still have something useful to say on such topics.

The New Economics of Religion

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sriya Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Western World ◽  
Economics Of Religion ◽  
To Come ◽  
New Research

The economics of religion is a relatively new field of research in economics. This survey serves two purposes—it is backward-looking in that it traces the historical and sociological origins of this field, and it is forward-looking in that it examines the insights and research themes that are offered by economists to investigate religion globally in the modern world. Several factors have influenced the economics of religion: (1) new developments in theoretical models including spatial models of religious markets and evolutionary models of religious traits; (2) empirical work that addresses innovatively econometric identification in examining causal influences on religious behavior; (3) new research in the economic history of religion that considers religion as an independent, rather than a dependent, variable; and (4) more studies of religion outside the Western world. Based on these developments, this paper discusses four themes— first, secularization, pluralism, regulation, and economic growth; second, religious markets, club goods, differentiated products, and networks; third, identification including secular competition and charitable giving; and fourth, conflict and cooperation in developing societies. In reviewing this paradoxically ancient yet burgeoning field, this paper puts forward unanswered questions for scholars of the economics of religion to reflect upon in years to come. (JEL D64, D72, L31, O43, Z12, Z13)

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

Analytical Electron Microscopy of Surface-Modified Ceramics

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 276-279
Author(s):  
P. S. Sklad
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Implantation Techniques ◽  
Lattice Damage ◽  
Surface Modified

Over the past several years, it has become increasingly evident that materials for proposed advanced energy systems will be required to operate at high temperatures and in aggressive environments. These constraints make structural ceramics attractive materials for these systems. However it is well known that the condition of the specimen surface of ceramic materials is often critical in controlling properties such as fracture toughness, oxidation resistance, and wear resistance. Ion implantation techniques offer the potential of overcoming some of the surface related limitations.While the effects of implantation on surface sensitive properties may be measured indpendently, it is important to understand the microstructural evolution leading to these changes. Analytical electron microscopy provides a useful tool for characterizing the microstructures produced in terms of solute concentration profiles, second phase formation, lattice damage, crystallinity of the implanted layer, and annealing behavior. Such analyses allow correlations to be made with theoretical models, property measurements, and results of complimentary techniques.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

On the Relationship Between General Auditory Sensitivity and Speech Perception: An Examination of Pitch and Lexical Tone Perception in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-498
Author(s):  
Puisan Wong ◽  
Man Wai Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Tone Perception ◽  
Tone Discrimination

Purpose Theoretical models and substantial research have proposed that general auditory sensitivity is a developmental foundation for speech perception and language acquisition. Nonetheless, controversies exist about the effectiveness of general auditory training in improving speech and language skills. This research investigated the relationships among general auditory sensitivity, phonemic speech perception, and word-level speech perception via the examination of pitch and lexical tone perception in children. Method Forty-eight typically developing 4- to 6-year-old Cantonese-speaking children were tested on the discrimination of the pitch patterns of lexical tones in synthetic stimuli, discrimination of naturally produced lexical tones, and identification of lexical tone in familiar words. Results The findings revealed that accurate lexical tone discrimination and identification did not necessarily entail the accurate discrimination of nonlinguistic stimuli that followed the pitch levels and pitch shapes of lexical tones. Although pitch discrimination and tone discrimination abilities were strongly correlated, accuracy in pitch discrimination was lower than that in tone discrimination, and nonspeech pitch discrimination ability did not precede linguistic tone discrimination in the developmental trajectory. Conclusions Contradicting the theoretical models, the findings of this study suggest that general auditory sensitivity and speech perception may not be causally or hierarchically related. The finding that accuracy in pitch discrimination is lower than that in tone discrimination suggests that comparable nonlinguistic auditory perceptual ability may not be necessary for accurate speech perception and language learning. The results cast doubt on the use of nonlinguistic auditory perceptual training to improve children's speech, language, and literacy abilities.

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