THE RESILIENCE OF MINORITY AND FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS: A LOOK AT ETHNICITY AND GENDER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOIS M SHELTON ◽  
MARIA V LUGO
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
White Male ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

By exploring the resilience skills of African-American, Hispanic and female entrepreneurs, this study examines entrepreneurs who face great obstacles, but still start more businesses than their White counterparts (Fairlie and Robb, 2009). The experiences of minorities and women lead to the development of risk and protective factors that result in differences in resilience. Here we present a model of resilience informed by the psychology and educational literatures which illustrates how particular experiences of minorities and women enable them to develop higher levels of resilience. In this model, the adaptive cultures of women and minorities equip them to overcome the adversity which arises from their social stratification as marginalized groups. We then test this model using a nationally representative, stratified random sample of 340 Black, Hispanic and White male and female entrepreneurs. The empirical results from two-way ANOVAs, Kruskal-Wallis H tests and multiple regression analysis indicate that Blacks and Hispanics had higher social resilience than White entrepreneurs, and that women had greater self and social resilience than male entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Towards establishing biographical and business background profiles of entrepreneurs from two ethnic and gender groups

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Schutte ◽  
A. B. Boshoff ◽  
H. F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Entrepreneurs ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

The literature on the biographical backgrounds of entrepreneurs seems to contain many contradictory findings. This situation can partly be due to the assumption that samples of entrepreneurs were homogeneous rather than heterogeneous. It appears as if female entrepreneurs have been less well researched than their male counterparts. Differences in the biographical backgrounds and business situation of, respectively, the white and the black entrepreneurs in South Africa have been assumed but little empirical evidence exists in this respect. Black en-trepreneurs, and female entrepreneurs are in most developed societies' minority groups and have not specifically been studied in depth - hence the present study. The biographical and business backgrounds of 569 South African entrepreneurs (106 Black and 463 White; 136 female and 433 male) were studied. One-way Analyses of Variance and Chi-squared followed by Discriminant analyses were carried out to determine whether, respectively, black and white entrepreneurs and male and female entrepreneurs differed in terms of the variables studied. Significant differences between the total group of male and female subjects were found on only five variables. White and black entrepreneurs differed statistically significantly on 16 of the 30 variables studied. Opsomming Die literatuur oor die biografiese agtergronde van entrepreneurs skyn baie teenstrydige bevindinge te bevat. Hierdie kan moontlik deels toegeskryf word aan die aanname dat steekproewe van entrepreneurs eerder homogeen eerder as heterogeen is. Dit skyn asof minder navorsing oor vroulike as oor manlike entrepreneurs gedoen is. Ten spyte van aannames in die verband, bestaan min empiriese gegewens oor die biografiese agtergronde en sake-situasie van respektiewelik wit en swart Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs. Swart en vroulike entrepreneurs is in meeste gemeenskappe minderheidsgroepe en is nog nie in diepte bestudeer nie, daarom die huidige studie. Die biografiese en sake-agtergronde van 569 Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs (106 swart en 463 wit; 136 vroulik en 433 manlik) is bestudeer. Een-rigting Analise van Variansie en Chi-kwadraat gevolg deur Diskriminant Analise is uitgevoer ten einde te bepaal of respektiewelik swart en wit en manlike van vroulike entrepreneurs in terme van die veranderlikes wat bestudeer is, verskil. Betekenisvolle verskille tussen die totale groep van manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs is slegs in terme van vyf veranderlikes gevind. Swart en wit entrepreneurs het statistics beduidend op 16 van die 30 veranderlikes in die studie ingesluit, verskil.

Academic Stress in relation to Personality, Locale and Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Lalita Sahu ◽  
Meeta Jha
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Academic Failure ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Female Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender

School education is very important part in an individual’s life and is also a turning point in their academic life. Stress is a common factor among school students. Academic stress involves mental distress regarding anticipated academic challenges or failure or even the fear of the possibility of academic failure. A student’s life is subjected to different kinds of stressors such as the pressure of academics with a requirement of success, uncertain future and difficulties predict for integration into the system. In the present scenario academic stress is major factor that influence the students’ performance as well as their personality. The study investigated academic stress in relation to personality, locale and gender among higher secondary school students. A total of four hundred male and female students participated in this study from Baster district of Chhattisgarh. The sample was selected by using stratified random sampling technique. To assess the personality of the subjects, Eysenck’s Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and Academic Stress Scale for Students was used. Obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and regression analysis. The results show significant difference between academic stress and gender, academic stress and locale, personality and locale of students. No gender difference was found between the personality of male and female students. Results also indicated that boys experienced more academic stress as compared to girls. Similarly, non-tribal students experienced higher level of academic stress as compared to tribal students. The result of regression analysis showed that personality emerged out as a significant predictor of students’ academic stress explaining about 30.5% variation.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Intention: Saudi Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Adlah A. Alessa
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The objective of this study has been to compare motivation, intention, fear of failure and self-efficacy in starting business ventures in Saudi Arabia. Inductive content analysis is used to identify the similarities and differences between two cites and groups of people in Saudi Arabia; both male and female entrepreneurs and those who have already established a business. Furthermore, the paper draws on data gathered from eight interviews in the cities of Riyadh and Jeddah. Four of these interviews were conducted with male entrepreneurs and the remaining four were with female entrepreneurs. A description and analysis of each entrepreneur was developed individually including short observations on the interviewees; noting movements and body language. We found the motivation for being one’s own boss is greater in Riyadh than in Jeddah (p=0.024) whereas self-efficacy is greater in Jeddah yet this difference is not significant. Regarding intention, no significant difference was found between region and gender. Finally, both regions consider fear of failure to be predictable. The study presents important contributions to theorists and practitioners in entrepreneurial activities in Saudi Arabia. Our research has contributed to the study in entrepreneurial motivation, intention, role of management, and role of culture of male and female entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia hence providing more knowledge and information towards the behavior of Saudi entrepreneurs. 

scholarly journals Optimism, Gratitude and Emotional Intelligence as Correlates of Self-Confidence of Early Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Sharma ◽  
Sanjay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Age Range

The aim of the present study was to examine the emotional intelligence, gratitude and optimism as correlates of self-confidence of male and female early adults. Sample was consisted of 200 male and female post graduate students of age range 21 to 27 years. These subjects were taken from C.C.S. University Campus and degree colleges of Meerut city by quota random sampling. The measurement of variables under study was done through standardized tools individually. The tabulated data was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis using step wise method. Obtained results were showing a negative significant correlation between self-confidence and optimism and emotional intelligence at.01 level of significance in total subject and gender groups. The regression analysis has indicated that optimism and emotional intelligence were predictive variables for self-confidence of early adult subjects.

The Role of Displays of Emotions and Ethnicity in Judgments of Rape Victims

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij ◽  
Agneta Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
White Male ◽  
Rape Victim ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The present experiment investigated the impact of displays of emotions and ethnicity of a rape victim on impression formation of white male and female observers. It was expected that victims would be assessed more favourably when they behaved angrily, rather than sadly, and when they were white rather than black. Moreover, it was expected that female observers would assess victims more positively than male observers. In the present experiment 51 male and 49 female observers watched a videotape of a victim of rape (an actress) during a simulated police interview. The ethnicity of the victim (white vs. black) and the emotion displayed by the victim (sad vs angry) was systematically manipulated. Observers' interpretations of what had happened were investigated by means of a questionnaire. The findings supported hypotheses relating to display of emotions and gender of the participants but failed to support the hypothesis concerning ethnicity.

scholarly journals Children’s Aspirations Towards Science-related Careers

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Richard Sheldrake ◽  
Tamjid Mujtaba
Keyword(s):  
Career Aspirations ◽  
Science Careers ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Representative Cohort ◽  
Minority Ethnic

AbstractScience-related careers are often considered to be less accessible by many children. More research is needed to distinguish any influences from different aspects of life so that support and/or interventions can be focused to help mitigate any disadvantage and inaccessibility. In order to gain greater understanding of constraints or influences on children’s aspirations towards science-related careers, a nationally-representative cohort of 7820 children in England was considered at age 11 and at age 14. At age 11, children’s science-related career aspirations were predictively associated with their ethnicity, gender, and science self-confidence, and also (at lower magnitudes) with the children’s motivation towards school and indicators of family advantage. At age 14, children’s aspirations were predictively associated with their prior aspirations (as of age 11), science self-confidence (as of age 14), and again with ethnicity and gender. Notably, these gender and ethnicity associations varied when considering specific aspirations towards science/engineering and towards medicine/health: boys were more likely to express science/engineering aspirations and less likely to express medicine/health aspirations; concurrently, children from some minority ethnic backgrounds were less likely to express science/engineering aspirations and more likely to express medicine/health aspirations. Overall, the findings suggest that support after age 11 still needs to promote the feasibility of different science careers for all children.

scholarly journals A Remote Instructor Like Me: Student–Teacher Congruence in Online, High School Courses

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842110187
Author(s):  
Jennifer Darling-Aduana
Keyword(s):  
Online Course ◽  
Educational Benefits ◽  
Online High School ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Students belonging to marginalized groups experience positive impacts when taught by a teacher of the same race, ethnicity, and gender. The unique nature of standardized, asynchronous online course taking allows for greater separation of any possible educational benefits of student versus teacher-driven mechanisms contributing to these improved outcomes. Using a student-by-course fixed effect strategy on data from a large urban school district, I examined associations between whether students experienced racial/ethnic or gender congruence with their remote instructor and both engagement and learning outcomes. Students who identified as Black demonstrated higher rates of engagement, although no difference in achievement, within lessons taught by a same-race remote instructor. I find that representation is associated with engagement even when instructors follow closely scripted lessons, representation occurs in only small doses, and instruction occurs in an impersonal setting.

Association of Selected Circumferences with Height between Gender and Race in Prepubescent and Postpubescent Children

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-335
Author(s):  
Mary H. Slaughter ◽  
Constance B. Christ ◽  
Rachel J. Stillman ◽  
Timothy G. Lohman ◽  
Richard A. Boileau
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
White Male ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Theoretical Expectation ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Arm Circumference

This study was designed to determine the association of selected circumferences with height among black and white, male and female, prepubescent and postpubescent children. Volunteers (N = 232) were grouped according to gender, race, and maturation level. Regression of the logs of the circumferences on the log of height revealed regression coefficients ranging from .74 to 1.3, except for the upper arm circumference (1.7), thus confirming the theoretical expectation of a linear relationship between circumference and height. Within-gender relationships of each circumference with height were determined using regression analysis. In general the prepubescent circumferences deviated below the within-gender line while the postpubescent circumferences typically deviated above it; however, there were exceptions in both sexes. Moreover, the racial differences in the circumference deviation scores were not consistent within either the male or female samples. The consideration of gender, race, and maturation is important in determining the association of circumference with height. The use of circumferences adjusted for height can be useful in studying muscle development in children.

Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in British Basketball

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Chappell ◽  
Costas I. Karageorghis
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
White Male ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Assistant Coaches ◽  
And Gender

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the ethnic and racial composition of male and female basketball players in the First Division of the English National Basketball League during the 1996/97 season. The secondary purpose was to compare the racial composition of players by playing position. Finally, a subsidiary purpose was to describe the racial and gender composition of coaches and assistant coaches in the women’s National Basketball League. Data were collated from team rosters of all teams comprising the First Division of the women’s and men’s National Basketball League in the 1996/97 season. The ethnic and racial designation of players (N = 270) and coaches (N = 23) was established from information supplied by each club or from individual players. There were significant differences in participation rates for British male and female players; there was an over-representation of black females in the forward position, and an over-representation of white male coaches in women’s teams. The present findings reflect the limited participation rates of females in general, and more specifically, the limited participation rates of women from ethnic minority groups.

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