Self-Governance and the Effects of Rules in Irrigation Systems: Evidence from Laboratory and Framed Field Experiments in China, India and Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan T. Pham ◽  
Ilona M. Otto ◽  
Dimitrios Zikos
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Allocation Rules ◽  
Irrigation Channel ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Distribution Water

This paper employs laboratory and framed field experiments to investigate factors influencing the behavior of irrigation users, with an emphasis on the effects of exogenously and endogenously designed allocation rules. The experiments were conducted with 36 groups of farmers and students from China, India and Vietnam. The results show that physically asymmetric access to water as a resource creates an asymmetric distribution of investments, harvests and revenues that favors upstream users. Exogenously designed allocation rules appear able to equalize the distribution of revenue between upstream and downstream users, but are also likely to reduce the volume of investment and generated revenue. Meanwhile, communication between irrigation users with the possibility of endogenously designed rules appears to have a stronger equalizing effect on asymmetric resource access but also increases overall investment, which then increases water availability in a hypothetical irrigation channel. This suggests that promoting participation of irrigation users in designing rules for water distribution, water use monitoring and sanctioning might improve the performance of irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Assessing Method to Identifying Water Resilience Against Natural and Climate Change Hazards.

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 07009
Author(s):  
Rofi Amril ◽  
Maryono Maryono
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Land Use Policy ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Water Vulnerability ◽  
Assessing Method ◽  
Distribution Water

A geographic region may become vulnerable toward water resources in a variety of ways. Common issues arise when man-made infrastructure such as housing, industrial, agriculture and other spatial land use policy implementation exceeds more than desired level. Vulnerability of a region due to water resources could be interpreted as the inability of the region to sustaining economic and social activity associated to socio-economic water availability. This study assess four aspects of water resilience: water quantity, water distribution, water quality, and water requirements. Literature review then followed by interview with academic expert used as method of study. This study found that four aspect of water vulnerability mostly have been applied to asses water resource vulnerability. Each aspect have a specific characteristic and could be define more specific and detail indicator according to the local content.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF COTTON PLANTS USING DRIP IRRIGATION IN TWO DIFFERENT PLANTING YEARS

Agric ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Syahruni Thamrin ◽  
Junaedi Junaedi ◽  
H Baso Darwisah
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Germination And Growth

Cotton plants require sufficient water availability, especially during germination and growth and dry conditions at harvest. In drip irrigation, irrigation can be adjusted to the water needs of each type of plant that varies depending on the growth phase and the type of plant. The study aims to determine the growth and production of cotton plants that use drip irrigation systems in two different planting seasons. The study was conducted for 2 (two) consecutive years, the first study: planting using drip irrigation was carried out in August 2017 and continued with the second planting in May 2018. The research was conducted in Turucinnae Village, Lamuru District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research was carried out in the form of field experiments in the form of a demonstration plot using an experimental design and analysis carried out to find out and explain the implementation of drip irrigation in two different planting seasons. Vegetative growth of cotton plants that use drip irrigation in 2017 provides better results than in 2018 seen from plant height and number of leaves, while the production of cotton plants using drip irrigation in 2017 is greater than that planted in 2018 in terms of the number of bolls. Formed and weight of cotton produced.

Is the water permit system a panacea or a bed of inefficiency? The case of South Africa

Water Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi Datt Tewari ◽  
Saidou Baba Oumar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
System A ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
License System ◽  
Institutional Efficiency

Although South Africa has adopted a very modern permit/license system to control access to water as a resource, the attainment of the lofty objectives (efficiency, equity and sustainability) of the National Water Act of 1998 depends on two critical factors: (1) the institutional efficiency of the water management system; and (2) the development of water markets and their efficient functioning. This study lists a number of concerns that the Act is not geared to resolve efficiently or in a timely manner. These concerns include the high administrative costs of implementation, poor incentives for long-term investments, bureaucratic inefficiency, practical problems in water pricing and adaptability to climate change threat. There is a need to re-think the ways and means with which to make water distribution more efficient in the country. One possible solution would be to develop water markets in the country.

scholarly journals Glyphosate Resistance in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) is Associated with a Fitness Penalty

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Yanniccari ◽  
Martín Vila-Aiub ◽  
Carolina Istilart ◽  
Horacio Acciaresi ◽  
Ana M. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Selection Effect ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Weed Species

The net selection effect of herbicides on herbicide-resistance traits in weeds is conditioned by the fitness benefits and costs associated with resistance alleles. Fitness costs play an important evolutionary role preventing the fixation of adaptive alleles and contributing to the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms within populations. Glyphosate is widely used in world agriculture, which has led to the evolution of widespread glyphosate resistance in many weed species. The fitness of glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible perennial ryegrass plants selected from within a single population were studied in two field experiments conducted during 2011 and 2012 under different soil water availability. Glyphosate-resistant plants showed a reduction in height of 12 and 16%, leaf blade area of 16 and 33%, shoot biomass of 45 and 55%, seed number of 33 and 53%, and total seed mass of 16 and 5% compared to glyphosate-susceptible plants in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The reduction in seed number per plant resulted in a 40% fitness cost associated with the glyphosate-resistance trait in perennial ryegrass. Fitness costs of glyphosate-resistant plants were expressed under both conditions of water availability. These results could be useful for designing management strategies and exploiting the reduced glyphosate-resistant perennial ryegrass fitness in the absence of glyphosate selection.

scholarly journals An Engineering Perspective of Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Nick van de Giesen ◽  
Shahmir Janjua ◽  
Muhammad Shahid ◽  
Rashid Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Water Treaty

Water sharing within the states/provinces of a country and cross-border is unavoidable. Conflicts between the sharing entities might turn more severe due to additional dependency on water, growing population, and reduced availability as a result of climate change at many locations. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, is severely water stressed and heading toward a worsening situation in the near future. Pakistan is heading toward water scarcity as water availability in the Indus basin is becoming critical. Being a downstream riparian of India and Afghanistan in the Indus basin, water availability depends on the releases of water from both countries. The Indus Water Treaty is governing the water distribution rights between India and Pakistan. However, there exists no proper agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the construction of new dams on the Kabul River is another threat to water availability to Pakistan. Correct implementation of the Indus Water Treaty with India is required, together with an effective agreement with Afghanistan about the water sharing. In addition to water shortage, poor management of water resources, inequitable sharing of water, lack of a systematic approach, old-fashioned irrigation practices, and growing agricultural products with large water footprints are all exacerbating the problem. The water shortage is now increasingly countered by the use of groundwater. This sudden high extraction of groundwater is causing depletion of the groundwater table and groundwater quality issues. This water shortage is exacerbating the provincial conflicts over water, such as those between Punjab and Sindh provinces. At one end, a uniform nationwide water allocation policy is required. At the same time, modern irrigation techniques and low-water-footprint agricultural products should be promoted. A fair water-pricing mechanism of surface water and groundwater could be an effective measure, whereas a strict policy on groundwater usage is equally important. Political will and determination to address the water issues are required. The solutions must be based on transparency and equity, by using engineering approaches, combined with comprehensive social support. To develop a comprehensive water strategy, a dedicated technopolitical institute to strengthen the capabilities of nationwide expertise and address the issues on a regular basis is required to overcome the complex and multidimensional water-related problems of the country.

Surface Microenvironment and Penetration of Bacteria into Meat1

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 550-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. MAXCY
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
General Class ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Invasion Process ◽  
Meat Spoilage ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Nutrient Diffusion

Surface contamination in the form of discrete colony-forming units is the main source of bacteria associated with meat spoilage. The fate of these bacteria is determined by the microenvironment at the meat-atmosphere interface, where the constraints determine the nature of a developing microflora. Nutrients, water availability and nutrient diffusion are prominent factors influencing microbial activity. While surface growth is most commonly recognized through enumeration studies based on removal of microorganisms, the less-studied phenomenon of movement of bacteria may be of considerable significance. In model systems, Serratia marcescens moves rapidly in intact meat as well as in compacted comminuted meat. The invasion process may depend on specific enzymes rather than the general class of collagenases. Need for more knowledge about factors that control surface microenvironment of meat is apparent.

scholarly journals Water scaling of ecosystem carbon cycle feedback to climate warming

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaav1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Quan ◽  
Dashuan Tian ◽  
Yiqi Luo ◽  
Fangyue Zhang ◽  
Tom W. Crowther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Dry Conditions

It has been well established by field experiments that warming stimulates either net ecosystem carbon uptake or release, leading to negative or positive carbon cycle–climate change feedback, respectively. This variation in carbon-climate feedback has been partially attributed to water availability. However, it remains unclear under what conditions water availability enhances or weakens carbon-climate feedback or even changes its direction. Combining a field experiment with a global synthesis, we show that warming stimulates net carbon uptake (negative feedback) under wet conditions, but depresses it (positive feedback) under very dry conditions. This switch in carbon-climate feedback direction arises mainly from scaling effects of warming-induced decreases in soil water content on net ecosystem productivity. This water scaling of warming effects offers generalizable mechanisms not only to help explain varying magnitudes and directions of observed carbon-climate feedback but also to improve model prediction of ecosystem carbon dynamics in response to climate change.

Water Distribution from Pressurized Subsurface Irrigation Systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 0837-0838
Author(s):  
L. F. Whitney ◽  
E. S. Pira ◽  
C. M. Vaziri ◽  
and L. F. Michelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation Systems
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