Review of the Barents sea hydrological conditions

Based on more than 50 works published during the period 1946−2019, the chapter gives an overview of current ideas about bottom topography, large-scale circulation, currents and tides, water flows across borders, temperature and salinity distribution, water masses, frontal zones, seasonal and interannual variations in hydrological characteristics, stratification and ice conditions of the Barents Sea. Among the many classifications of water masses of the sea, the review gives preference to the most consistent and reasonable classification proposed by V. Ozhigin and V. Ivshin in 1999.

The Martian environment observed by NOMAD on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

<p>The NOMAD (“Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery”) spectrometer suite on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has been designed to investigate the composition of Mars' atmosphere, with a particular focus on trace gases, clouds and dust. The instrument probes the ultraviolet and infrared regions covering large parts of the 0.2-4.3 µm spectral range [1,2], with 3 spectral channels: a solar occultation channel (SO – Solar Occultation; 2.3–4.3 μm), a second infrared channel capable of nadir, solar occultation, and limb sounding (LNO – Limb Nadir and solar Occultation; 2.3–3.8 μm), and an ultraviolet/visible channel (UVIS – Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer, 200–650 nm). Since its arrival at Mars in April 2018, NOMAD performed solar occultation, nadir and limb observations dedicated to the determination of the composition and structure of the atmosphere.</p><p>NOMAD has been accumulating data about the Martian atmosphere and its surface since its insertion. We will present some results covering the atmosphere composition including clouds and dust, climatologies of water, carbon monoxide and ozone. We also report on the different discoveries highlighted by the instrument by pointing to a series of contributions to this conference that will present in detail several specific studies, like recent progress in the instrument calibration, the latest CO2 and temperature vertical profiles, studies of aerosol nature and distribution, water vapor profiles and variability, carbon monoxide vertical distribution, dayglow observations; detection of HCl, its vertical profiles and in general advances in the analysis of the spectra recorded by the three channels of NOMAD.</p><p>References</p><p>[1] Vandaele, A.C., et al., 2015. Planet. Space Sci. 119, 233-249.</p><p>[2] Vandaele et al., 2018. Space Sci. Rev., 214:80, doi.org/10.1007/s11214-11018-10517-11212.</p><p> </p>

Incorporation of Herbal Plants in the Diet of Ruminants: Effect on Meat Quality

The use of herbal plants as food additives in animal nutrition to enhance meat processing efficiency and meat quality has been reviewed. Today, the consumer demand is safety, nutritive value, taste, uniformity, meat variety and good appearance of meat products. Thus, to meet the consumers' demand, development of product and research should be improved. Studies have been shown that the use of herbs, spices, and their extracts are of the major interventions, which were adopted in the industry of the meat for improving its quality traits. In the present paper, the most recent literature about use of bioactive compounds in herbal plants for evaluating a number of parameters related to meat quality, including fat content and distribution, water content, water holding capacity, collagen content, pH, tenderness color, Lipid oxidation and flavor were reviewed.

Introduction preservatives in silage feed with air

available in liquid, viscous, and powdered form on the market of the Russian Federation, there are certain difficulties with their dosage and uniform distribution in silage feeds. This is especially important for preservatives, which are used in small doses. Abroad, this issue is solved by using applicators which allow to make low doses of preservatives in the range of 125-250 ml/t uniformly [1]. In our country, to increase uniformity of preservatives distribution, water is usually added to a small amount of preservatives and they are applied by column centrifugal or diaphragm pumps at the rate of 3–5 l/t of silage raw material. It is not possible to apply preservatives in pure form with available metering pumps, as they cannot ensure uniformity and small doses of their application. In this regard, the installation for forage harvester for fine-dispersed application of preservatives by compressed air was developed in the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology. The results of laboratory studies are presented.

Kajian Daerah Sulit Air di Kabupaten Kulon Progo Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Water-scarce areas can be identified from geology, meteorology, water installations, and drought conditions in the area. All of these aspects can be found in Kulon Progo Regency. The aim of this research is to identify water scarcity areas in Kulon Progo Regency and to determine priorities areas for building up some deep wells. There are four parts of the method that used in this study, there are water scarcity areas from the geological aspect interpreted based on geological, hydrogeological, and groundwater basin maps, meteorological aspects using the water balance method and drought index, distribution water installation analyzed from PDAM data, and drought information collection from interview. Based on a study on the identification of water scarcity areas in Kulon Progo Regency with geological and hydrogeological parameters, meteorological drought, PDAM and SPAM, and Interviews, it was found that 181 hamlets that having water-scarce in 35 villages in 11 sub-districts both covering areas that can be drilled and cannot be drilled. The number of water-scarce areas selected for groundwater drilling is 104 hamlets. The number of water scarcity areas in 1st priority is 37 hamlets, there are 21 helmets for 2nd priority, and 46 hamlets for 3rd priority.

Monitoring DOM in Drinking Water Supply Systems Using DOC, CODMn, UV and Fluorescence Measurements

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has detrimental effects on drinking water treatment, distribution water quality and human health. In this study, four methods (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), potassium permanganate index (CODMn),...

Atmospheric observations with E-band microwave links – challenges and opportunities

Opportunistic sensing of rainfall and water vapor using commercial microwave links operated within cellular networks was conceived more than a decade ago. It has since been further investigated in numerous studies, predominantly concentrating on the frequency region of 15–40 GHz. This article provides the first evaluation of rainfall and water vapor sensing with microwave links operating at E-band frequencies (specifically 71–76 and 81–86 GHz). These microwave links are increasingly being updated (and are frequently replacing) older communication infrastructure. Attenuation–rainfall relations are investigated theoretically on drop size distribution data. Furthermore, quantitative rainfall estimates from six microwave links, operated within cellular backhaul, are compared with observed rainfall intensities. Finally, the capability to detect water vapor is demonstrated on the longest microwave link measuring 4.86 km in path length. The results show that E-band microwave links are markedly more sensitive to rainfall than devices operating in the 15–40 GHz range and can observe even light rainfalls, a feat practically impossible to achieve previously. The E-band links are, however, substantially more affected by errors related to variable drop size distribution. Water vapor retrieval might be possible from long E-band microwave links; nevertheless, the efficient separation of gaseous attenuation from other signal losses will be challenging in practice.

Mycotoxigenic fungi distribution and Water Quality of raw and treated water from Ede-Erinle and Opa waterworks systems, Osun State Nigeria

This present study seeks to investigate the impact of environmental variables on the mycotoxigenic fungi distribution in different stages of water treatment from Ede-Erinle and Opa water work systems. The sampling stations were grouped into raw, treated and distributed stations for each of the waterworks system and samples were collected on bi-monthly basis for one annual cycle, spanning through the rainy and dry seasons. A total number of 30 fungal species which belonged to 7 classes were isolated from both Ede and Opa water works systems during the study. This included 23 species from Ede water works and 14 fungal species from Opa water works system. Ascomycetes contributed 41.6% out of total fungal classes identified from Ede waterworks system followed by zygomycetes (33.3%), Deuteromycete (12.5%) while Penicillium and Mucor contributed 20.83% out fungal genera identified and aspergillus (16.67%). Zygomycetes accounted for 30.77% out of total fungal classes isolated from Opa waterworks system followed by ascomycetes (23.05%), Eusacomycetes and Dothideomycetes contributed 15.38% while Apsergillus, auerobasidium, rhizopus and cladosporium had the highest percentage contribution of 15.38% among the fungal genera identified. There was strong correlation between total Heterotrophic fungal distribution and water temperature and pH in water samples from Ede-Erinle waterworks systems that influenced the growth of mycotoxicin fungal while the nutrient parameters such as nitrate and phosphate influenced the abundance of fungi in water samples from Opa waterworks systems. In Ede-Erinle and Opa waterworks systems, the highest mean values for water temperature and phosphate were observed from distribution water while the mean concentration of pH and total heterotrophic fungal counts were higher in raw water samples. However, nitrate was higher in the treated water sample during the study. The presences of mycotoxigenic fungal such as Aspergillus sp, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichoderma sp from the treated and distribution water from Ede and Opa water work system after the water has undergo treatment process could pose serious health risks to consumers because they can cause aspergillosis, mucormycosis and penicilliosis infections respectively in human.

Modeling of the energy of a smelt-water explosion in the recovery boiler dissolving tank

The explosion energy generated as molten smelt droplets interact with water was evaluated as a function of smelt distribution, water temperature, and smelt temperature using a thermodynamic model. The results show that increasing smelt-to-water volume ratio and water temperature significantly increases the explosion energy, converting a larger proportion of the thermal energy of smelt into mechanical work. To reduce the chance of violent smelt-water explosions, it is important to: i) optimize the shatter jet design and operation to uniformly distribute the smelt over a large area in the dissolving tank; ii) avoid high green liquor temperature and ensure adequate liquor mixing; and iii) avoid upsets that may cause heavy smelt runoff or jellyroll smelt.

Characteristics and weathering mechanisms of the traditional Chinese blue brick from the ancient city of Ping Yao

The traditional blue brick was the dominant clay brick used in Chinese architecture before the mid-nineteenth century. The ancient city of Ping Yao, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) heritage site, is an outstanding example of blue brick architecture. The Ping Yao bricks within the damp areas (up to 4 m at highest) of the ancient city's walls and private houses are subjected to various weathering, including contour scaling, flaking, powdering and salt crystallization. This study aims to characterize the properties, analyse weathering mechanisms, determine the main weathering factors and discuss the anti-weathering strategies of blue bricks. To do so, samples of brick and salt efflorescence were collected from the historical buildings of Ping Yao and were studied with regard to their mineralogical and physico-mechanical (e.g. density, porosity, pore size distribution, water absorption and uniaxial compressive strength) properties. The resistance to salt crystallization and frost, and the maximum firing temperatures of the brick samples were determined in the laboratory. Weathering mechanisms and anti-weathering strategies were discussed. Salt crystallization and freeze–thaw cycles were found to be two important factors that lead to brick weathering. An anti-weathering strategy of ‘damp blocking, desalination and brick replacing’ was discussed based on the laboratory experiments, suggestions in literature and site conditions.