scholarly journals Cambrian Bradoriida and Phosphatocopida (Arthropoda) of the former Soviet Union

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila M. Melnikova ◽  
David J. Siveter ◽  
Mark Williams
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Late Cambrian ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Middle And Late Cambrian

Abstract. Some 40 bradoriid and phosphatocopid (Arthropoda) species are known from the Cambrian of the former Soviet Union. The faunas occur chiefly in Asia (mostly Siberia and Kazakhstan; also Kirghizia); west of the Urals bradoriid and phosphatocopid faunas are sparse, occurring in the Leningrad region, Belarus and Estonia. Most specimens are recovered as crack-out material from clastic and impure carbonate rocks; acid resistant valves from limestones are a minor component of the known faunas.Early Cambrian (Atdabanian-Botomian) faunas are widespread; middle and late Cambrian faunas are scarcer and are known largely from Siberia and Kazakhstan. Though many species are seemingly short-ranging, currently most have only local biostratigraphic significance, with only a few having practical international correlative value.Palaeogeographically, faunas west of the Urals show affinites with those of the Early Palaeozoic Baltica and Avalonia palaeocontinents (Olenellid trilobite realm). Siberian and central Asian (Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Gorny–Altay–Mongolian belt) faunas show clear affinities with those of palaeocontinental South China and eastern Gondwana (Redlichiid trilobite realm).

Russia and the Use of Trade Policy: Concentration with Soviet Successor States

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 20170068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Lutz ◽  
James Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Policy Position ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Baltic

Economic policy has often been an integral part of foreign policy usage by governments. Many states will use trade, aid, and investment as instruments to attain other objectives deemed to be in the national interest. Albert Hirschman in an early and classic study suggested that governments in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany consciously attempted to dominate the trade of weaker states in Europe as a means of enhancing the German foreign policy position. Russian trade policy since the breakup of the Soviet Union has followed a similar policy, especially in regard to the other successor states of the former Soviet Union. Patterns were different for the Baltic countries, other European successor states, the Transcaucasian states, and Central Asian countries. Notwithstanding differences that were present, there was evidence in the trade patterns to indicate that Moscow was using trade policy to gain influence in the successor states.

scholarly journals A Great Game in Greater Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
M. H. Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Aral Sea Basin ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Soviet Central Asia ◽  
Great Game ◽  
Central Asian Republics

The region historically referred to as Soviet Central Asia includes the 5 Central Asian Republics (CARs) of the Former Soviet Union (FSU): Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Their political status changed drastically when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and they became independent republics. Since the early 1990s, Central Asian leaders have referred on occasion to neighboring Afghanistan as the sixth CAR. In fact, it does occupy 14% of the Aral Sea Basin and its mountains supply about 15% of streamflow to the region’s mighty Amu Darya River that used to flow into Central Asia’s Aral Sea.

scholarly journals Neoliberalism and Kazakhstan's emerging higher education

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (Winter) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Nazgul Bayetova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union. The ninth largest country in the world in physical size with a population of over 17 million people and significant oil, iron ore, coal, copper, and gas reserves, Kazakhstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In the early 1990s, the Supreme Court of the Kazakh Social Soviet Republic declared the transition of a planned economy to a market economy. Kazakhstan’s market system has significantly impacted its emerging higher education system. Less government spending and the creation of private universities in Kazakhstan were the core strategies that have been implemented under the neoliberal policies of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan’s president from independence to this year (1991-2019).

History, Villagers, and the Social Scientists: Wrestling with the Past in the Present

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Tracy McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Historical Ethnography ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

What is the relationship between the historical Soviet countryside and the post-Soviet present both for the scholars who study them and for the population that inhabits them? Together Margaret Paxson, Solovyovo: The Story of Memory in a Russian Village; Jessica Allina-Pisano, The Post-Soviet Potemkin Village: Politics and Property Rights in the Black Earth; and Douglas Rogers, The Old Faith and the Russian Land: A Historical Ethnography of Ethics in the Urals create a rich, nuanced portrait of contemporary rural life in parts of the former Soviet Union. When one reads the three books together, one finds evidence of interesting continuity alongside dynamism and change that varies depending on the region and on the questions that motivated the researcher. The three works ask in varied ways how individuals in post-Soviet society perceive their world and attempt to live in it. The three studies extend far and wide across the territory of the former Soviet Union: Solovyovo, three hundred miles north of Moscow; the Black Earth, more than four hundred miles to the south; and Sepych, about one thousand miles to the east.

“You Take Your Oath Only Once:” Crimea, The Black Sea Fleet, and National Identity Among Russian Officers

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-316
Author(s):  
Sven Gunnar Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Newly Independent States ◽  
Central Asian Republics

The Soviet military officer's motto was “I serve the Soviet Union.” He had taken an oath to a state whose leadership constantly stressed the ethnic diversity of its population. When the USSR fell apart, however, only one of its 15 successor states—the Russian Federation—did not declare itself the homeland of one specific ethnic group. The reality of the divorce was difficult to grasp for many people in the former Soviet Union. In Russia, ideas of democracy and hopes for the future of the RSFSR as an independent state were standing strong. Not all the newly independent states would be missed; the Central Asian republics were widely seen as a culturally distant periphery tapping the RSFSR of resources. However, shedding off Kazakhstan, Belarus, and above all, Ukraine was a completely different story.

scholarly journals Publication Productivity in Central Asia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalkar Adambekov ◽  
Sholpan Askarova ◽  
Sharon C. Welburn ◽  
Sharon L. Goughnour ◽  
Ayumi Konishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Publication Productivity ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Publication Patterns ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Number Of Publications

Introduction. Despite the significant number of research institutions and rich scientific heritage, published research from Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) is traditionally underrepresented in international scientific literature. The goal of this paper was to analyze publication patterns in Central Asian countries, and to explore the factors that contributed to the publication productivity in Kazakhstan.Methods. Publication  productivity was evaluated using data generated by the SCImago Journal & Country Rank over the period of 1996-2014 for all of the 15 former Soviet Union Republics for all subject categories. Country specific data, including total population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, research and development (R&D) expenditure (% of GDP), number of reserchers (per million people), was abstracted from World Bank data. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses compared the mean number of publications among Central Asian countries. Separate analyses was done for publication patterns in the health sciences. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey methodResults. The analysis of publication productivity showed significant discrepancies in the number of published documents among the Central Asian countries. Kazakhstan demonstrated a significant increase in the number of published documents in the period of 1996-2014, mainly in the areas of natural and multidisciplinary sciences. Our analyses also showed that the number of publications are siginicantly associated with GDP and population size.Conclusions. We identified large gaps in publication productivity among the Central Asian countries. The association between publication rate with GDP and population size indicates there is a need to adjust for these factors when planning research policy. 

scholarly journals Ischaemic heart disease in the former Soviet Union 1990–2015 according to the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Heart ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Murphy ◽  
Catherine O Johnson ◽  
Gregory A Roth ◽  
Mohammad H Forouzanfar ◽  
Mohsen Naghavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Central Asian

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality and risk factor burden across former Soviet Union (fSU) and satellite countries and regions in 1990 and 2015.MethodsThe fSU and satellite countries were grouped into Central Asian, Central European and Eastern European regions. IHD mortality data for men and women of any age were gathered from national vital registration, and age, sex, country, year-specific IHD mortality rates were estimated in an ensemble model. IHD morbidity and mortality burden attributable to risk factors was estimated by comparative risk assessment using population attributable fractions.ResultsIn 2015, age-standardised IHD death rates in Eastern European and Central Asian fSU countries were almost two times that of satellite states of Central Europe. Between 1990 and 2015, rates decreased substantially in Central Europe (men −43.5% (95% uncertainty interval −45.0%, −42.0%); women −42.9% (−44.0%, −41.0%)) but less in Eastern Europe (men −5.6% (−9.0, –3.0); women −12.2% (−15.5%, −9.0%)). Age-standardised IHD death rates also varied within regions: within Eastern Europe, rates decreased −51.7% in Estonian men (−54.0, −47.0) but increased +19.4% in Belarusian men (+12.0, +27.0). High blood pressure and cholesterol were leading risk factors for IHD burden, with smoking, body mass index, dietary factors and ambient air pollution also ranking high.ConclusionsSome fSU countries continue to experience a high IHD burden, while others have achieved remarkable reductions in IHD mortality. Control of blood pressure, cholesterol and smoking are IHD prevention priorities.

Typification and nomenclatural notes on twenty eight names of juno irises (Iridaceae) from Central and South Asia

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
EUGENY V. BOLTENKOV
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Republics

Juno is one of the most disputable groups of the genus Iris s.l. (Iridaceae) and the largest part of its taxa are in need of typification. In the present paper, the nomenclatural types for 28 names (21 species, 7 varieties) of juno irises are designated. Most of the original material was collected from the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union (especially Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), and the other part was from South Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan). Lectotypes are designated for 27 names, or a typification remark is provided. Among them, the previous first-step lectotypification of 2 names has been finalized, and 2 epitypes are designated for lectotypified names. A neotype is also designated for the name Iris tubergeniana.

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