scholarly journals Patterns and Processes of Diploidization in Land Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Li ◽  
Michael T.W. McKibben ◽  
Geoffrey S. Finch ◽  
Paul D. Blischak ◽  
Brittany L. Sutherland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Disomic Inheritance ◽  
Bivalent Chromosome ◽  
Gene Fractionation ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Most land plants are now known to be ancient polyploids that have rediploidized. Diploidization involves many changes in genome organization that ultimately restore bivalent chromosome pairing, disomic inheritance, and resolve dosage and other issues caused by genome duplication. In this review, we discuss the nature of polyploidy and its impact on chromosome pairing behavior. We also provide an overview of two major and largely independent processes of diploidization: cytological diploidization and genic diploidization/fractionation. Finally, we compare variation in gene fractionation across land plants and highlight the differences in diploidization between plants and animals. Altogether, we demonstrate recent advancements in our understanding of variation in the patterns and processes of diploidization in land plants and provide a road map for future research to unlock the mysteries of diploidization and eukaryotic genome evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuling Yang ◽  
Yinzi Li ◽  
Aiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge

Potyviruses (viruses in the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant–potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Cultivating Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Socioecological Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Shujuan Yang ◽  
Peng Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Predicting Factors ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Framework ◽  
The Individual

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses wide-ranging impacts on the physical and mental health of people around the world, increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners on the topic of resilience. In this article, we review previous research on resilience from the past several decades, focusing on how to cultivate resilience during emerging situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic at the individual, organizational, community, and national levels from a socioecological perspective. Although previous research has greatly enriched our understanding of the conceptualization, predicting factors, processes, and consequences of resilience from a variety of disciplines and levels, future research is needed to gain a deeper and comprehensive understanding of resilience, including developing an integrative and interdisciplinary framework for cultivating resilience, developing an understanding of resilience from a life span perspective, and developing scalable and cost-effective interventions for enhancing resilience and improving pandemic preparedness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Agricultural Labor Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra E. Hill ◽  
Izaac Ornelas ◽  
J. Edward Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Farm Work

The labor supply response to agricultural wages is critical to the viability of crop production in high-income countries, which hire a largely foreign farm work force, as well as in low-income countries, where domestic workers move off the farm as the agricultural transformation unfolds. Modeling agricultural labor supply is more challenging than modeling the supply of other agricultural inputs or of labor to other sectors of the economy owing to unique features of agricultural production and farm labor markets. Data and econometric challenges abound, and estimates of agricultural labor supply elasticities are sparse. This review explains the importance and challenges of modeling farm labor supply and describes researchers’ efforts to address these challenges. It summarizes estimates of agricultural labor supply elasticities over the last 80 years, provides insights into variation in these estimates, identifies priority areas for future research, and reviews the most influential empirical work related to this important topic. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Reduction Policies: Progress and Promise

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Krieger ◽  
Sara N. Bleich ◽  
Stephanie Scarmo ◽  
Shu Wen Ng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Integrated Policy ◽  
Evidence Of Impact

Evidence showing the effectiveness of policies to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is growing. SSBs are one of the largest sources of added sugar in the diet and are linked to multiple adverse health conditions. This review presents a framework illustrating the various types of policies that have been used to reduce SSB exposure and consumption; policies are organized into four categories (financial, information, defaults, and availability) and take into consideration crosscutting policy considerations (feasibility, impact, and equity). Next, for each category, we describe a specific example and provide evidence of impact. Finally, we discuss crosscutting policy considerations, the challenge of choosing among the various policy options, and important areas for future research. Notably, no single policy will reduce SSB consumption to healthy levels, so an integrated policy approach that adapts to changing market and consumption trends, evolving social, political, and public health needs, and emerging science, is critical. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 1, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer: Approaches to Screening, Surveillance, and Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nastazja Dagny Pilonis ◽  
Marc Tischkowitz ◽  
Rebecca C. Fitzgerald ◽  
Massimiliano di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer ◽  
Prophylactic Surgery ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Diffuse Gastric Cancer ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
History Of

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a cancer syndrome associated with a significant lifetime risk of diffuse gastric cancer (DGC), a malignancy characterized by late clinical presentation and poor prognosis, as well as lobular breast cancer. HDGC is linked to germline pathogenic variants in the E-cadherin gene ( CDH1) that are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern; however, in many families with DGC clustering, no genetic cause has been identified. This review discusses key elements that allow risk assessment of potential inherited DGC susceptibility. We provide a practical overview of the recommendations for surveillance and treatment of individuals at risk and patients with early disease. The review also outlines future research avenues to improve our understanding of the genetic background and natural history of the disease, the endoscopic detection of early lesions, and the outcome of prophylactic surgery in young individuals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 72 is January 27, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Synthetic Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trivellore E. Raghunathan
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Inferential Justification ◽  
Widespread Access ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality

Demand for access to data, especially data collected using public funds, is ever growing. At the same time, concerns about the disclosure of the identities of and sensitive information about the respondents providing the data are making the data collectors limit the access to data. Synthetic data sets, generated to emulate certain key information found in the actual data and provide the ability to draw valid statistical inferences, are an attractive framework to afford widespread access to data for analysis while mitigating privacy and confidentiality concerns. The goal of this article is to provide a review of various approaches for generating and analyzing synthetic data sets, inferential justification, limitations of the approaches, and directions for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 8 is March 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Workplace Envy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle K. Duffy ◽  
KiYoung Lee ◽  
Elizabeth A. Adair
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Knowledge Base ◽  
Practical Implications

In the past 20 years, there has been a growing interest in the phenomenon of workplace envy. This article provides an overarching review and analysis of the workplace envy literature. We first consider conceptual and measurement challenges facing envy researchers. We then review the current knowledge base in the research with a focus on synthesizing what we have learned regarding workplace envy's transmutations, highlighting directions for future research. We explore two relatively understudied areas in the envy literature—antecedents of envy and the experience of being envied. We discuss methodologies used in the literature to study envy and outcomes and conclude with a focus on cross-cultural and practical implications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 8 is January 21, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
LaFleur Stephens-Dougan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
American Elections ◽  
Racial Cues

This article reviews the literature on the persistence of racial cues and appeals in American elections. I focus on three central themes: racial priming, the influence of the Obama presidential campaigns on racial cues, and racial appeals in the context of a diversifying United States. I identify linkages across these domains while also suggesting avenues for future research. I argue that in the context of a diversifying United States, scholars should develop more measures that capture attitudes that are specific to groups other than African Americans. The nation's growing racial and ethnic diversity is also an opportunity to develop and test more theories that explain the political behavior of racial and ethnic minorities beyond the traditional black–white divide. Finally, since much of the research on racial cues focuses on whites’ racial animus, I suggest that scholars spend more time exploring how racial cues influence the behavior of whites with positive racial attitudes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Motion Control in Magnetic Microrobotics: From Individual and Multiple Robots to Swarms

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidong Yang ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Current Feedback ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
And Control

Magnetic microrobotics has undergone approximately 20 years of development, and the robotics and control communities have contributed significant theoretical and practical results to the motion control aspects of this field. This article introduces fundamental motion principles covering individual, multiagent, and swarm control and critically reviews the state of the art along with representative results. It then describes closed-loop control (an important part of this field), including the system structure, current motion planning and control methods, and current feedback approaches. As the development of motion control in magnetic microrobotics is far from complete, especially for swarm control, its current limitations are discussed. Finally, we conclude with several challenges and future research directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 4 is May 3, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Modeling Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Sang Park ◽  
Aron Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Halide Perovskite

Solar cells are semiconductor devices that generate electricity through charge generation upon illumination. For optimal device efficiency, the photogenerated carriers must reach the electrical contact layers before they recombine. A deep understanding of the recombination process and transport behavior is essential to design better devices. Halide perovskite solar cells are commonly made of a polycrystalline absorber layer, but there is no consensus on the nature and role of grain boundaries. This review concerns theoretical approaches for the investigation of extended defects. We introduce recent computational studies on grain boundaries, and their influence on point-defect distributions, in halide perovskite solar cells. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 12 is March 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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