scholarly journals Introduction to the Theme on Membrane Channels

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-505
Author(s):  
Gunnar von Heijne
Keyword(s):  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Membrane Channels ◽  
Membrane Channel ◽  
Structural Mechanism ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Channel Proteins ◽  
And Function

This volume of the Annual Review of Biochemistry contains three reviews on membrane channel proteins: the first by Szczot et al., titled The Form and Function of PIEZO2; the second by Ruprecht & Kunji, titled Structural Mechanism of Transport of Mitochondrial Carriers; and the third by McIlwain et al., titled Membrane Exporters of Fluoride Ion. These reviews provide nice illustrations of just how far evolution has been able to play with the basic helix-bundle architecture of integral membrane proteins to produce membrane channels and transporters of widely different functions.

scholarly journals Extrachromosomal DNA: An Emerging Hallmark in Human Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihan Wu ◽  
Vineet Bafna ◽  
Howard Y. Chang ◽  
Paul S. Mischel
Keyword(s):  
Human Cancer ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
And Function

Human genes are arranged on 23 pairs of chromosomes, but in cancer, tumor-promoting genes and regulatory elements can free themselves from chromosomes and relocate to circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA (ecDNA). ecDNA, because of its nonchromosomal inheritance, drives high-copy-number oncogene amplification and enables tumors to evolve their genomes rapidly. Furthermore, the circular ecDNA architecture fundamentally alters gene regulation and transcription, and the higher-order organization of ecDNA contributes to tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, patients whose cancers harbor ecDNA have significantly shorter survival. Although ecDNA was first observed more than 50 years ago, its critical importance has only recently come to light. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of how ecDNAs form and function as well as how they contribute to drug resistance and accelerated cancer evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BENTUK DAN FUNGSI REFERENSI PERSONAL DALAM NOVEL REMBULAN TENGGELAM DIWAJAHMU KARYA TERE LIYE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Muh Ali Imran ◽  
Nur Resky Evawanti
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Face ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Third Person ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Planning Action

AbstractThe main problem in this research  how to find out about the form and function of personal references in the novel Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu in order to determine the differences contained in the novel especially those on personal references contained therein. This research was a literature review of research that contains one topic that contains some ideas or propositions related and must be supported by the data obtained from literature sources. This research procedure included planning, action and analysis. Subjects in this study was the novel of  Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu. The results showed that the observation of novel moon sinking in the face are analyzed on personal references indicate that there are a lot of words including personal references such as personal pronoun first (referring to himself), pronouns second person (referring to the speaker) , and the third person pronoun (which refers to the person in question). Based on these results above, it can be concluded that the words include references persona there are differences both in writing and in speech.Keywords: Novel, personal referencesAbstrakMasalah utama dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana mengetahui tentang bentuk dan fungsi referensi personal di dalam novel Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut terkhusus pada referensi personal yang terdapat di dalamnya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kajian pustaka yang berisi satu topik yang memuat beberapa gagasan atau proposisi yang berkaitan dan harus didukung oleh data yang diperoleh dari sumber pustaka. Prosedur penelitian ini meleputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, dan analisis. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah novel rembulan tenggelam di wajahmu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pengamatan terhadap novel rembulan tenggelam di wajahmu yang menganalisis tentang referensi personal menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak kata-kata yang termasuk referensi personal seperti pronomina persona pertama( yang mengacu pada diri sendiri), pronomina persona kedua (yang mengacu pada lawan bicara), dan pronomina persona ketiga (yang mengacu pada orang yang dibicarakan). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kata-kata yang mencakup referensi persona terdapat perbedaan baik didalam penulisan maupun didalam tuturan.  Kata kunci: Novel,referensi personal

scholarly journals Open-Ended Evolution and Open-Endedness: Editorial Introduction to the Open-Ended Evolution I Special Issue

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Packard ◽  
Mark A. Bedau ◽  
Alastair Channon ◽  
Takashi Ikegami ◽  
Steen Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Life ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Editorial Introduction ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Creative Productivity ◽  
And Function

Nature's spectacular inventiveness, reflected in the enormous diversity of form and function displayed by the biosphere, is a feature of life that distinguishes living most strongly from nonliving. It is, therefore, not surprising that this aspect of life should become a central focus of artificial life. We have known since Darwin that the diversity is produced dynamically, through the process of evolution; this has led life's creative productivity to be called Open-Ended Evolution (OEE) in the field. This article introduces the first of two special issues on current research on OEE and on the more general concept of open-endedness. Most of the papers presented in these special issues are elaborations of work presented at the Third Workshop on Open-Ended Evolution, held in Tokyo as part of the 2018 Conference on Artificial Life.

scholarly journals Transporter oligomerization: form and function

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1737-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilmaz Alguel ◽  
Alexander D. Cameron ◽  
George Diallinas ◽  
Bernadette Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Transport Protein ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Protein Oligomerization ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Transporters are integral membrane proteins with central roles in the efficient movement of molecules across biological membranes. Many transporters exist as oligomers in the membrane. Depending on the individual transport protein, oligomerization can have roles in membrane trafficking, function, regulation and turnover. For example, our recent studies on UapA, a nucleobase ascorbate transporter, from Aspergillus nidulans, have revealed both that dimerization of this protein is essential for correct trafficking to the membrane and the structural basis of how one UapA protomer can affect the function of the closely associated adjacent protomer. Here, we review the roles of oligomerization in many particularly well-studied transporters and transporter families.

scholarly journals Buildings, Faces, Songs of Alienation: How Interiority Transforms the Meaning Out There

Interiority ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Pieter Marthinus De Kock
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Spatial Quality ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind

This paper presents a theoretical framework that explores visual meaning in the design and use of interior space. It is comprised of three main parts. The first outlines the framework and draws on several key theories. The second introduces three very different constructs as case studies that in#uence (or are a product of) spatial quality, namely: buildings, faces, and songs of alienation. The third part is a discussion about how each of these three constructs are linked to each other as well as to the idea of interiority. While architectural forms are containers of meaning, the way in which interior space is curated is driven by deeper meaning–one that transcends form and function because people ultimately produce the meaning. And because each person is different, the conditions of interiority (in this case, the meaning that resides within each person) drives the meaning of external constructs that act as enclosures of meaning (buildings and their interiors). The findings are that the mind and body can be projected beyond the facade and into the spaces contained in the buildings we occupy. The role of technology is also important because changes in technology help mediate the process of linking the meaning inside with the meaning out there.

Commodifying and Giving

Valuing Dance ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 51-88
Author(s):  
Susan Leigh Foster
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Commodity Exchange ◽  
Dance Performance ◽  
Economic Profit ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dance Instruction ◽  
And Function

Chapter 2 examines how dance might be exchanged either as commodity or as gift within the contexts of dance instruction and dance performance. It compares the ways that dance’s resource-fullness becomes utilized within either system of exchange. Within commodity exchange, dance’s ability to convene people produces an interactivity that is based in the autonomy of each individual; these individuals become connected but as isolated and independent entities within a network. Commodification of dance’s energy, presumed to be precious and somewhat scarce, entails the careful monitoring of bodily energy followed by strategic expenditure in order to achieve the maximum effect. The third of dance’s resources, its malleability of form and adaptability to place, is tapped in commodification so as to facilitate dance’s easy transport from place to place. To generate economic profit, dance must be quickly and cheaply manufactured, delivered efficiently, and disseminated as widely as possible. In contrast, within gift exchange dance’s capacity to summon people into relation becomes a way of creating mutual indebtedness among all involved. Circulating gifts connects people not as isolated agents but instead as mutually defining and dependent beings. Dance’s energy, considered to be abundant and always available, is widely given and reciprocated. And finally, dance’s adaptability, its protean form and function, is cultivated as a way to engage with and commemorate particular times, places, and people. Dance as gift is not transportable, and instead, binds itself to and operates within specific communities, connecting itself with and devising unique responses to their ecologies.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sara J. Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Biblical Law ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Function

The law collection genre is rooted in Mesopotamia, beginning with the Sumerian Laws of Ur-Namma in the third millennium BCE. Over the next millennium, similar collections were produced in Mesopotamia, the most famous being the Laws of Hammurabi. The Assyrians and Hittites also put this genre to use in their own contexts. It has long been taken for granted that certain biblical units—specifically, Exodus 20–23, Deuteronomy 12–26, and Priestly law—likewise reflect “native” adaptations of the Near Eastern genre. Close examination of these texts, however, indicates that they are closer in form and function to the Mesopotamian genre of legal-pedagogical texts. Mesopotamian scribes produced a wide range of legal-oriented school-texts, including fictional cases, sample contracts, and legal phrasebooks. When Exodus 20–23 and Deuteronomy 12–26 are examined against the backdrop of these Mesopotamian legal-pedagogical texts, the pedagogical roots of what scholars call “biblical law” begin to emerge.

Making a Case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J. Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biblical Law ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Political Clout ◽  
And Function

Outside of the Bible, all of the known Near Eastern law collections were produced in the third to second millennia BCE, in cuneiform on clay tablets, and in major cities in Mesopotamia and in the Hittite Empire. None of the five major sites in Syria to have yielded cuneiform tablets has borne even a fragment of a law collection, despite the fact that several have yielded ample legal documentation. Excavations at Nuzi have turned up numerous legal documents, but again, no law collection. Even Egypt has not yielded a collection of laws. As such, the biblical blocks that scholars regularly identify as law collections would represent the only “western,” non-cuneiform expressions of the genre in the ancient Near East, produced by societies not known for their political clout, and separated in time from the “other” collections by centuries. Making a Case challenges the long-held notion that Israelite and Judahite scribes either made use of older law collections or set out to produce law collections in the Near Eastern sense of the genre. Rather, Milstein suggests that what we call “biblical law” is closer in form and function to a different and oft-neglected Mesopotamian genre: legal-pedagogical texts. In the course of their education, Mesopotamian scribes copied a variety of legal-oriented school texts: sample contracts, fictional cases, sequences of non-canonical law, and legal phrasebooks. When “biblical law” is viewed in the context of these legal-pedagogical texts, its practical roots in legal exercises begin to emerge.

scholarly journals Le Corbusier y la autonomía de la arquitectura

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Rubio Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function ◽  
Formal Product ◽  
Formal Operations

Resumen: Tres han sido los intentos de vincular la obra de Le Corbusier con la “autonomía de la arquitectura”. El primero, aquel formulado por Emil Kaufmann en 1933, reposa en una analogía ética conducida por medio de ciertos mecanismos compositivos. El segundo lo alentó Johnson durante la posguerra e identifica en Le Corbusier un sistema de composición autorreferencial pretendidamente ajeno a todo condicionante exterior que enfatiza el purismo de sus operaciones formales. El tercero fue conducido por un grupo de autores englobados en el “autonomy project” que vio en su obra la posibilidad de entender la arquitectura simultáneamente como hecho social y producto formal. Cada intento ensalzó ciertas características de Le Corbusier y obvió otras en la medida en que se adscribieron a las diversas, y por momentos divergentes, interpretaciones de la autonomía de la arquitectura. En este texto defenderé que la aparente multiplicidad de las interpretaciones de la obra de Le Corbusier que derivan de estos intentos puede superarse atendiendo al sentido filosófico originario de “autonomía” y su incorporación al arte. A la postre, remiten a una paradoja difícilmente superable y que puede identificarse como consustancial a la modernidad arquitectónica: la dialéctica entre la forma y la función. Abstract: There have been three attempts to link Le Corbusier’s work with the "autonomy of architecture". The first one, the one conducted by Emil Kaufmann in 1933, lies in an ethical analogy through some compositional mechanism. Johnson encouraged the second one during the postwar. He identified in Le Corbusier a system of self-referential composition, supposedly alien to all outside constraint, which emphasizes the purity of its formal operations. The third was led by a group of authors, members of the “autonomy project”. They saw in his work the possibility of understanding architecture simultaneously as a social fact and formal product. Each attempt praised certain features of Le Corbusier and others were disregarded, following the pattern of controversial interpretations of the autonomy of architecture. In this paper I will argue that this apparent multiplicity of interpretations of Le Corbusier’s work can be overcome taking the original philosophical sense of "autonomy" and its incorporation into art. In the end, they refer to an insurmountable paradox, which can be identified as integral to modern architecture: the dialectic between form and function.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, autonomía de la arquitectura, compromiso, formalismo, dialéctica. Keywords: Le Corbusier, autonomy of architecture, commitment, formalism, dialectics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.682

scholarly journals Modality with Past Time Reference in English-into-Arabic Fiction Translation

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Mohammed Farghal ◽  
Mashael Al-Hamly
Keyword(s):  
Past Participle ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Speech Event ◽  
Extra Effort ◽  
Language User ◽  
Arabic Fiction ◽  
And Function ◽  
Quantitative Account ◽  
Language Pair

Modality is a semantic medium that colors the way the language user views the world around him/ her in terms of certainty, necessity and obligation; hence, it places extra effort on the translator while attempting to capture modalistic shades of meaning. The task may become more challenging when the translator is dealing with a language pair where modality is grammar-oriented in one member (English, for example) and lexis-oriented in the other (Arabic, for example). The present paper aims to investigate the rendering of speaker participation in the speech event as embodied in modality when translating English fiction into Arabic. In particular, it will examine the corpus of two sets of data involving past modality (modal + have + past participle) extracted from two English novels which will be compared with their counterparts in the Arabic translations. Four main issues will be discussed. The first is to see whether the distinction between epistemic and deontic modality is maintained in translation. The second is to check whether the translators are sensitive to the import of modality in discourse as manifested in the speaker’s attitudes toward what is happening. The third is to check whether English modalized propositions are sometimes erroneously rendered into modality-free Arabic propositions. Last, the study discusses the Arabic modality markers employed to capture past modality. Both a quantitative account (focusing on form and function) and a qualitative analysis (focusing on adequacy of translation procedures) are furnished. 

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