scholarly journals Gallium Liquid Metal: The Devil's Elixir

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Yang Tang ◽  
Christopher Tabor ◽  
Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh ◽  
Michael D. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Native Oxide ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Oxide Skin

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical shapes due to the thin, solid native oxide skin that forms rapidly in oxygen. These properties enable new ways to pattern metals (e.g., injection and printing) to create stretchable and soft devices with an unmatched combination of mechanical and electrical properties. The oxide skin can be transferred to other substrates and manipulated electrochemically to lower the interfacial tension to near zero. The reactivity of gallium can drive a wide range of reactions. Liquids are also easy to break into particles for making colloids and soft composites that have unusual properties due to the deformable nature of the filler. This review summarizes the truly unique and exciting properties of gallium liquid metals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Electronic, Ionic, and Mixed Conduction in Polymeric Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elayne M. Thomas ◽  
Phong H. Nguyen ◽  
Seamus D. Jones ◽  
Michael L. Chabinyc ◽  
Rachel A. Segalman
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Transport Coefficients ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Polymeric Systems ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Performance Benchmark

Polymers that simultaneously transport electrons and ions are paramount to drive the technological advances necessary for next-generation electrochemical devices, including energy storage devices and bioelectronics. However, efforts to describe the motion of ions or electrons separately within polymeric systems become inaccurate when both species are present. Herein, we highlight the basic transport equations necessary to rationalize mixed transport and the multiscale materials properties that influence their transport coefficients. Potential figures of merit that enable a suitable performance benchmark in mixed conducting systems independent of end application are discussed. Practical design and implementation of mixed conducting polymers require an understanding of the evolving nature of structure and transport with ionic and electronic carrier density to capture the dynamic disorder inherent in polymeric materials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Chemistry Under Shock Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenden W. Hamilton ◽  
Michael N. Sakano ◽  
Chunyu Li ◽  
Alejandro Strachan
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Energy Localization ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
Nonequilibrium Conditions ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Modes Coupling

Shock loading takes materials from ambient conditions to extreme conditions of temperature and nonhydrostatic stress on picosecond timescales. In molecular materials the fast loading results in temporary nonequilibrium conditions with overheated low-frequency modes and relatively cold, high-frequency, intramolecular modes; coupling the shock front with the material's microstructure and defects results in energy localization in hot spots. These processes can conspire to lead to a material response not observed under quasi-static loads. This review focuses on chemical reactions induced by dynamical loading, the understanding of which requires bringing together materials science, shock physics, and condensed matter chemistry. Recent progress in experiments and simulations holds the key to the answer of long-standing grand challenges with implications for the initiation of detonation and life on Earth. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Thermoelectrics by Computational Design: Progress and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kozinsky ◽  
David J. Singh
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Phonon Scattering ◽  
Transport Coefficients ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Boltzmann Transport

The performance of thermoelectric materials is determined by their electrical and thermal transport properties that are very sensitive to small modifications of composition and microstructure. Discovery and design of next-generation materials are starting to be accelerated by computational guidance. We review progress and challenges in the development of accurate and efficient first-principles methods for computing transport coefficients and illustrate approaches for both rapid materials screening and focused optimization. Particularly important and challenging are computations of electron and phonon scattering rates that enter the Boltzmann transport equations, and this is where there are many opportunities for improving computational methods. We highlight the first successful examples of computation-driven discoveries of high-performance materials and discuss avenues for tightening the interaction between theoretical and experimental materials discovery and optimization. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Basis of Navigation Across Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody A. Freas ◽  
Ken Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Additional Component ◽  
Oscillatory Systems ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Cycling Behavior

Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Emerging Capabilities for the High-Throughput Characterization of Structural Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Miracle ◽  
Mu Li ◽  
Zhaohan Zhang ◽  
Rohan Mishra ◽  
Katharine M. Flores
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Composition Gradients ◽  
Future Vision

Structural materials have lagged behind other classes in the use of combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) methods for rapid screening and alloy development. The dual complexities of composition and microstructure are responsible for this, along with the need to produce bulk-like, defect-free materials libraries. This review evaluates recent progress in CHT evaluations for structural materials. High-throughput computations can augment or replace experiments and accelerate data analysis. New synthesis methods, including additive manufacturing, can rapidly produce composition gradients or arrays of discrete alloys-on-demand in bulk form, and new experimental methods have been validated for nearly all essential structural materials properties. The remaining gaps are CHT measurement of bulk tensile strength, ductility, and melting temperature and production of microstructural libraries. A search strategy designed for structural materials gains efficiency by performing two layers of evaluations before addressing microstructure, and this review closes with a future vision of the autonomous, closed-loop CHT exploration of structural materials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Engineering Advances in Spray Drying for Pharmaceuticals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Baumann ◽  
Molly S. Adam ◽  
Joel D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Dry Powders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Spray drying is a versatile technology that has been applied widely in the chemical, food, and, most recently, pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on engineering advances and the most significant applications of spray drying for pharmaceuticals. An in-depth view of the process and its use is provided for amorphous solid dispersions, a major, growing drug-delivery approach. Enhanced understanding of the relationship of spray-drying process parameters to final product quality attributes has made robust product development possible to address a wide range of pharmaceutical problem statements. Formulation and process optimization have leveraged the knowledge gained as the technology has matured, enabling improved process development from early feasibility screening through commercial applications. Spray drying's use for approved small-molecule oral products is highlighted, as are emerging applications specific to delivery of biologics and non-oral delivery of dry powders. Based on the changing landscape of the industry, significant future opportunities exist for pharmaceutical spray drying. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Chemical Stability of Proteins in Foods: Oxidation and the Maillard Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesha M. Poojary ◽  
Marianne N. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Oxidation

Protein is a major nutrient present in foods along with carbohydrates and lipids. Food proteins undergo a wide range of modifications during food production, processing, and storage. In this review, we discuss two major reactions, oxidation and the Maillard reaction, involved in chemical modifications of food proteins. Protein oxidation in foods is initiated by metal-, enzyme-, or light-induced processes. Food protein oxidation results in the loss of thiol groups and the formation of protein carbonyls and specific oxidation products of cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine residues, such as disulfides, dityrosine, kynurenine, m-tyrosine, and methionine sulfoxide. The Maillard reaction involves the reaction of nucleophilic amino acid residues with reducing sugars, which yields numerous heterogeneous compounds such as α-dicarbonyls, furans, Strecker aldehydes, advanced glycation end-products, and melanoidins. Both protein oxidation and the Maillard reaction result in the loss of essential amino acids but may positively or negatively impact food structure and flavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Freshwater Scarcity

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Gleick ◽  
Heather Cooley
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Violent Conflicts

The availability and use of fresh water are critical for human health and for economic and ecosystem stability. But the growing mismatch between human demands and natural freshwater availability is contributing to water scarcity, affecting industrial and agricultural production and a wide range of social, economic, and political problems, including poverty, deterioration of ecosystem health, and violent conflicts. Understanding and addressing different forms of water scarcity are vital for moving toward more sustainable management and use of fresh water. We provide here a review of concepts and definitions of water scarcity, metrics and indicators used to evaluate scarcity together with strategies for addressing and reducing the adverse consequences of water scarcity, including the development of alternative sources of water, improvements in water-use efficiency, and changes in systems of water management and planning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 46 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Neural Network Potentials: A Concise Overview of Methods

2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Kocer ◽  
Tsz Wai Ko ◽  
Jörg Behler
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
Wide Range

In the past two decades, machine learning potentials (MLPs) have reached a level of maturity that now enables applications to large-scale atomistic simulations of a wide range of systems in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Different machine learning algorithms have been used with great success in the construction of these MLPs. In this review, we discuss an important group of MLPs relying on artificial neural networks to establish a mapping from the atomic structure to the potential energy. In spite of this common feature, there are important conceptual differences among MLPs, which concern the dimensionality of the systems, the inclusion of long-range electrostatic interactions, global phenomena like nonlocal charge transfer, and the type of descriptor used to represent the atomic structure, which can be either predefined or learnable. A concise overview is given along with a discussion of the open challenges in the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Score-Driven Time Series Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Circular Data ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Series Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Correlation ◽  
Switching Regimes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Application Volume

The construction of score-driven filters for nonlinear time series models is described, and they are shown to apply over a wide range of disciplines. Their theoretical and practical advantages over other methods are highlighted. Topics covered include robust time series modeling, conditional heteroscedasticity, count data, dynamic correlation and association, censoring, circular data, and switching regimes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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