Sleep and Diet: Mounting Evidence of a Cyclical Relationship

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris M. Zuraikat ◽  
Rebecca A. Wood ◽  
Rocío Barragán ◽  
Marie-Pierre St-Onge
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Improve Sleep Quality

Two factors intrinsic to health are diet and sleep. These two behaviors may well influence one another. Indeed, that insufficient sleep adversely impacts dietary intakes is well documented. On the other hand, diet may influence sleep via melatonin and its biosynthesis from tryptophan. Experimental data exist indicating that provision of specific foods rich in tryptophan or melatonin can improve sleep quality. Whole diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and other sources of dietary tryptophan and melatonin have been shown to predict favorable sleep outcomes. Although clinical trials are needed to confirm a causal impact of dietary patterns on sleep and elucidate underlying mechanisms, available data illustrate a cyclical relation between these lifestyle factors. We recommend adopting a healthful diet to improve sleep, which may further promote sustained favorable dietary practices. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Measuring Absolute Membrane Potential Across Space and Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia R. Lazzari-Dean ◽  
Anneliese M.M. Gest ◽  
Evan W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Neurotransmitter Release ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sensing Platform ◽  
The One

Membrane potential (Vmem) is a fundamental biophysical signal present in all cells. Vmem signals range in time from milliseconds to days, and they span lengths from microns to centimeters. Vmem affects many cellular processes, ranging from neurotransmitter release to cell cycle control to tissue patterning. However, existing tools are not suitable for Vmem quantification in many of these areas. In this review, we outline the diverse biology of Vmem, drafting a wish list of features for a Vmem sensing platform. We then use these guidelines to discuss electrode-based and optical platforms for interrogating Vmem. On the one hand, electrode-based strategies exhibit excellent quantification but are most effective in short-term, cellular recordings. On the other hand, optical strategies provide easier access to diverse samples but generally only detect relative changes in Vmem. By combining the respective strengths of these technologies, recent advances in optical quantification of absolute Vmem enable new inquiries into Vmem biology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Resumptive Pronouns in Language Comprehension and Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Meltzer-Asscher
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Resumptive Pronouns ◽  
Processing Function

Although the grammatical status of resumptive pronouns varies from one language to the other, these elements occur in spontaneous speech cross-linguistically, giving rise to a long-held intuition that resumption has a processing function, facilitating production and/or comprehension. In this review, I examine the central threads of thought related to resumption and processing and consider the prominent theories and findings that have shaped the discussion on this issue. I review grammatical and grammaticalization-based approaches to resumption and present the evidence suggesting that resumptive pronouns are a production artifact as well as the evidence that speaks in favor of or against the idea that resumptive pronouns aid comprehension. While the theory that resumption aids the producer receives straightforward support, the findings backing the claim that resumption helps the comprehender are much more equivocal, suggesting that in some cases resumption is not helpful and may even be detrimental to comprehension. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 7 is January 14, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Carotenoids: Considerations for Their Use in Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, Nutricosmetics, Supplements, Botanicals, and Novel Foods in the Context of Sustainability, Circular Economy, and Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez ◽  
Volker Böhm ◽  
Grethe Iren Andersen Borge ◽  
M. Pilar Cano ◽  
Martina Fikselová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Health Promoting

Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. There is a need to establish recommended dietary intakes/nutritional reference values for carotenoids. Research on carotenoids in agro-food and health is being propelled by the two multidisciplinary international networks, the Ibero-American Network for the Study of Carotenoids as Functional Foods Ingredients (IBERCAROT; http://www.cyted.org ) and the European Network to Advance Carotenoid Research and Applications in Agro-Food and Health (EUROCAROTEN; http://www.eurocaroten.eu ). In this review, considerations for their safe and sustainable use in products mostly intended for health promotion are provided. Specifically, information about sources, intakes, and factors affecting bioavailability is summarized. Furthermore, their health-promoting actions and importance in public health in relation to the contribution of reducing the risk of diverse ailments are synthesized. Definitions and regulatory and safety information for carotenoid-containing products are provided. Lastly, recent trends in research in the context of sustainable healthy diets are summarized. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Cardiovascular Effects of Particulate Air Pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruni Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Particulate Air Pollution ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Exposure

Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to increases in blood pressure, thrombosis, and insulin resistance. It also induces vascular injury and accelerates atherogenesis. Results from animal models corroborate epidemiological evidence and suggest that the cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 may be attributable, in part, to oxidative stress, inflammation, and the activation of the autonomic nervous system. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, there is robust evidence that long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with premature mortality due to heart failure, stoke, and ischemic heart disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Interaction of Viruses with the Insect Intestine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enhao Ma ◽  
Yibin Zhu ◽  
Ziwen Liu ◽  
Taiyun Wei ◽  
Penghua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Peritrophic Matrix ◽  
Symbiotic Microorganisms ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Mucin Layer ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

In nature, insects face a constant threat of infection by numerous exogeneous viruses, and their intestinal tracts are the predominant ports of entry. Insects can acquire these viruses orally during either blood feeding by hematophagous insects or sap sucking and foliage feeding by insect herbivores. However, the insect intestinal tract forms several physical and immunological barriers to defend against viral invasion, including cell intrinsic antiviral immunity, the peritrophic matrix and the mucin layer, and local symbiotic microorganisms. Whether an infection can be successfully established in the intestinal tract depends on the complex interactions between viruses and those barriers. In this review, we summarize recent progress on virus-intestinal tract interplay in insects, in which various underlying mechanisms derived from nutritional status, dynamics of symbiotic microorganisms, and virus-encoded components play intricate roles in the regulation of virus invasion in the intestinal tract, either directly or indirectly. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Elites in the Making and Breaking of Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth N. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
Mass Publics ◽  
The One

Scholarship on elites and foreign policy has made important advances in identifying who elites are, what elites want, and how elites influence foreign policy. This review assesses these advances, focusing on the tension between elites’ expertise, on the one hand, and resentment of elites as selfish or unrepresentative of the people's interests, on the other. What remains missing in the literature on elites and foreign policy are the dynamics of elite politics. The same elites can behave very differently in different settings, and elites frequently do not get what they want on foreign policy despite strong preferences. To understand this variation, we need more research on three kinds of elite politics: how elites attain their positions; their incentives once they arrive in those positions; and how elites relate to each other and to mass publics. Without attending to elite politics, we miss important sources of state behavior. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Sex Differences in Immunity

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Wilkinson ◽  
Ho-Chung Chen ◽  
Melissa G. Lechner ◽  
Maureen A. Su
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Strong epidemiological evidence now exists that sex is an important biologic variable in immunity. Recent studies, for example, have revealed that sex differences are associated with the severity of symptoms and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite this evidence, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying associations between sex differences and immune-mediated conditions. A growing body of experimental data has made significant inroads into understanding sex-influenced immune responses. As physicians seek to provide more targeted patient care, it is critical to understand how sex-defining factors (e.g., chromosomes, gonadal hormones) alter immune responses in health and disease. In this review, we highlight recent insights into sex differences in autoimmunity; virus infection, specifically severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; and cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms will allow the development of a sex-based approach to disease screening and treatment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Education and Political Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Willeck ◽  
Tali Mendelberg
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Clear Support

Whether education affects political participation is a long-standing and central question in political philosophy and political science. In this review, we provide an overview of the three main theoretical models that explain different causal pathways. We then synthesize the surge in research using causal inference strategies and show that this literature has generated mixed results about the causal impact of education, even when using similar methods and data. These findings do not provide clear support for any of the three theories. Our next section covers research on civic education and political participation. The quantity of civic education matters little for political participation, but how civic education is taught does matter. Namely, strategies falling under the rubric of active learning show promise. These strategies seem especially effective for historically marginalized students. Our final section calls for more research on how civic education is taught. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Revelations About Aging and Disease from Unconventional Vertebrate Model Organisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Andrei Seluanov ◽  
Vera Gorbunova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Excellent Resource

Aging is a major risk factor for multiple diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of aging would help to delay and prevent age-associated diseases. Short-lived model organisms have been extensively used to study the mechanisms of aging. However, these short-lived species may be missing the longevity mechanisms that are needed to extend the lifespan of an already long-lived species such as humans. Unconventional long-lived animal species are an excellent resource to uncover novel mechanisms of longevity and disease resistance. Here, we review mechanisms that evolved in nonmodel vertebrate species to counteract age-associated diseases. Some antiaging mechanisms are conserved across species; however, various nonmodel species also evolved unique mechanisms to delay aging and prevent disease. This variety of antiaging mechanisms has evolved due to the remarkably diverse habitats and behaviors of these species. We propose that exploring a wider range of unconventional vertebrates will provide important resources to study antiaging mechanisms that are potentially applicable to humans. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Factor Structure of the Hellenic WISC-III for Children with Learning Disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 20445-20451
Author(s):  
Adam A ◽  
Kiosseoglou G ◽  
Abatzoglou G ◽  
Papaligoura Z.
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Picture Arrangement ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Verbal Subtest ◽  
Two Factors

The present research aims to examine the factor structure of the Hellenic WISC-III in a sample of 50 children with learning disabilities. The results show the existence of a factorial model with two factors, one aggregating the Comprehension verbal subtest with four performance subtests and the other the Picture Arrangement performance subtest with four verbal subtests. This two-factor model includes loadings in two factors that relate to the sequencing abilities and the verbal reasoning abilities of children. These findings assert the clinical value of the intelligence evaluation in these children.

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