Desmosomal Cadherins in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marihan Hegazy ◽  
Abbey L. Perl ◽  
Sophia A. Svoboda ◽  
Kathleen J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Malignant Diseases ◽  
Desmosomal Cadherins ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Classical Cadherins ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped into desmogleins and desmocollins, are related to the classical cadherins, but their cytoplasmic domains are tailored for anchoring intermediate filaments instead of actin to sites of cell–cell adhesion. The resulting junctions are critical for resisting mechanical stress in tissues such as the skin and heart. Desmosomal cadherins also act as signaling hubs that promote differentiation and facilitate morphogenesis, creating more complex and effective tissue barriers in vertebrate tissues. Interference with desmosomal cadherin adhesive and supra-adhesive functions leads to a variety of autoimmune, hereditary, toxin-mediated, and malignant diseases. We review our current understanding of how desmosomal cadherins contribute to human health and disease, highlight gaps in our knowledge about their regulation and function, and introduce promising new directions toward combatting desmosome-related diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Cardiac Transverse Tubules in Physiology and Heart Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine M. Dibb ◽  
William E. Louch ◽  
Andrew W. Trafford
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cell Interior ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Contraction Coupling ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
T Tubules ◽  
And Function

In mammalian cardiac myocytes, the plasma membrane includes the surface sarcolemma but also a network of membrane invaginations called transverse (t-) tubules. These structures carry the action potential deep into the cell interior, allowing efficient triggering of Ca2+ release and initiation of contraction. Once thought to serve as rather static enablers of excitation-contraction coupling, recent work has provided a newfound appreciation of the plasticity of the t-tubule network's structure and function. Indeed, t-tubules are now understood to support dynamic regulation of the heartbeat across a range of timescales, during all stages of life, in both health and disease. This review article aims to summarize these concepts, with consideration given to emerging t-tubule regulators and their targeting in future therapies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Directions in the Study of Institutional Logics: From Tools to Phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lounsbury ◽  
Christopher W.J. Steele ◽  
Milo Shaoqing Wang ◽  
Madeline Toubiana
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

In this article, we take stock of the institutional logics perspective and highlight opportunities for new scholarship. While we celebrate the growth and generativity of the literature on institutional logics, we also note that there has been a troubling tendency in recent work to use logics as analytical tools, feeding disquiet about reification and reductionism. Seeding a broader scholarly agenda that addresses such weaknesses in the literature, we highlight nascent efforts that aim to more systematically understand institutional logics as complex, dynamic phenomena in their own right. In doing so, we argue for more research that probes how logics cohere and endure by unpacking the role of values, the centrality of practice, and the governance dynamics of institutional logics and their orders. Furthermore, we encourage bridging the study of institutional logics with various literatures, including ethnomethodology, phenomenology, professions, elites, world society, and the old institutionalism, to enhance progress in these directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Biological Phase Separation and Biomolecular Condensates in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Emenecker ◽  
Alex S. Holehouse ◽  
Lucia C. Strader
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Nuclear Speckles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Shared Property ◽  
And Function ◽  
Physical Principles

A surge in research focused on understanding the physical principles governing the formation, properties, and function of membraneless compartments has occurred over the past decade. Compartments such as the nucleolus, stress granules, and nuclear speckles have been designated as biomolecular condensates to describe their shared property of spatially concentrating biomolecules. Although this research has historically been carried out in animal and fungal systems, recent work has begun to explore whether these same principles are relevant in plants. Effectively understanding and studying biomolecular condensates require interdisciplinary expertise that spans cell biology, biochemistry, and condensed matter physics and biophysics. As such, some involved concepts may be unfamiliar to any given individual. This review focuses on introducing concepts essential to the study of biomolecular condensates and phase separation for biologists seeking to carry out research in this area and further examines aspects of biomolecular condensates that are relevant to plant systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Extrachromosomal DNA: An Emerging Hallmark in Human Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihan Wu ◽  
Vineet Bafna ◽  
Howard Y. Chang ◽  
Paul S. Mischel
Keyword(s):  
Human Cancer ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
And Function

Human genes are arranged on 23 pairs of chromosomes, but in cancer, tumor-promoting genes and regulatory elements can free themselves from chromosomes and relocate to circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA (ecDNA). ecDNA, because of its nonchromosomal inheritance, drives high-copy-number oncogene amplification and enables tumors to evolve their genomes rapidly. Furthermore, the circular ecDNA architecture fundamentally alters gene regulation and transcription, and the higher-order organization of ecDNA contributes to tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, patients whose cancers harbor ecDNA have significantly shorter survival. Although ecDNA was first observed more than 50 years ago, its critical importance has only recently come to light. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of how ecDNAs form and function as well as how they contribute to drug resistance and accelerated cancer evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in the Gut: From Invertebrates to Mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Kirsch ◽  
Robert S. Brzozowski ◽  
Dominick Faith ◽  
June L. Round ◽  
Patrick R. Secor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Polymicrobial Communities ◽  
Diverse Interactions

Bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages or phages) interact antagonistically and beneficially in polymicrobial communities such as the guts of animals. These interactions are multifaceted and are influenced by environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss phage-bacteria interactions as they relate to the complex environment of the gut. Within the mammalian and invertebrate guts, phages and bacteria engage in diverse interactions including genetic coexistence through lysogeny, and phages directly modulate microbiota composition and the immune system with consequences that are becoming recognized as potential drivers of health and disease. With greater depth of understanding of phage-bacteria interactions in the gut and the outcomes, future phage therapies become possible. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Constructed Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Schreyer
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Real World ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
New Directions ◽  
University Classrooms ◽  
The Relationship

Constructed languages, also known as conlangs, are languages that have been purposefully created for either real-world or fictional speakers. Within this article, I provide a summary of the language creation process and how the community of conlangers, people who make languages, come to know each other's work, as well as how language creation assignments are being adopted within university classrooms. I also explore the role of the language creator in bringing a community of speakers into existence through the invention of a language. I discuss whether speakers of a constructed language are part of a community of practice or a speech community and the implications for this distinction within anthropology. I also describe conscripts, or constructed orthographies, as well as the relationship between endangered languages and constructed languages, how invented worlds can create real-world shifts in worldview, and suggestions for new directions in research linking anthropology and constructed languages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Glycans in Immunologic Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Y. Zhou ◽  
Brian A. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Disease ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Immunological Recognition ◽  
Immunologic Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Living Organisms

The surfaces of all living organisms and most secreted proteins share a common feature: They are glycosylated. As the outermost-facing molecules, glycans participate in nearly all immunological processes, including driving host-pathogen interactions, immunological recognition and activation, and differentiation between self and nonself through a complex array of pathways and mechanisms. These fundamental immunologic roles are further cast into sharp relief in inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancer disease states in which immune regulation goes awry. Here, we review the broad impact of glycans on the immune system and discuss the changes and clinical opportunities associated with the onset of immunologic disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 39 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Mutant Allele Imbalance in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M. Bielski ◽  
Barry S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Allele Imbalance ◽  
And Function

The search for somatic mutations that drive the initiation and progression of human tumors has dominated recent cancer research. While much emphasis has been placed on characterizing the prevalence and function of driver mutations, comparatively less is known about their serial genetic evolution. Indeed, study of this phenomenon has largely focused on tumor-suppressor genes recessive at the cellular level or mechanisms of resistance in tumors with mutant oncogenes targeted by therapy. There is, however, a growing appreciation that despite a decades-old presumption of heterozygosity, changes in mutant oncogene zygosity are common and drive dosage and stoichiometry changes that lead to selective growth advantages. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding mutant allele imbalance and its implications for tumor biology, cancer evolution, and response to anticancer therapy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Volume 5 is March 4, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Critical Phenomena in Plasma Membrane Organization and Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Shaw ◽  
Subhadip Ghosh ◽  
Sarah L. Veatch
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Critical Phenomena ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Lipid Organization ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lateral Organization ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

Lateral organization in the plane of the plasma membrane is an important driver of biological processes. The past dozen years have seen increasing experimental support for the notion that lipid organization plays an important role in modulating this heterogeneity. Various biophysical mechanisms rooted in the concept of liquid–liquid phase separation have been proposed to explain diverse experimental observations of heterogeneity in model and cell membranes with distinct but overlapping applicability. In this review, we focus on the evidence for and the consequences of the hypothesis that the plasma membrane is poised near an equilibrium miscibility critical point. Critical phenomena explain certain features of the heterogeneity observed in cells and model systems but also go beyond heterogeneity to predict other interesting phenomena, including responses to perturbations in membrane composition. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 72 is April 20, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Advances and Applications in Field-Flow Fractionation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L. Plavchak ◽  
William C. Smith ◽  
Carmen R.M. Bria ◽  
S. Kim Ratanathanawongs Williams
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Field Flow Fractionation ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Flow Fractionation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Size Scales

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of techniques that was created especially for separating and characterizing macromolecules, nanoparticles, and micrometer-sized analytes. It is coming of age as new nanomaterials, polymers, composites, and biohybrids with remarkable properties are introduced and new analytical challenges arise due to synthesis heterogeneities and the motivation to correlate analyte properties with observed performance. Appreciation of the complexity of biological, pharmaceutical, and food systems and the need to monitor multiple components across many size scales have also contributed to FFF's growth. This review highlights recent advances in FFF capabilities, instrumentation, and applications that feature the unique characteristics of different FFF techniques in determining a variety of information, such as averages and distributions in size, composition, shape, architecture, and microstructure and in investigating transformations and function. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 14 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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