scholarly journals Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go?

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 627-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah D. Pressman ◽  
Brooke N. Jenkins ◽  
Judith T. Moskowitz
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
Positive Feelings

Positive affect (PA) is associated with better health across a wide range of physical health outcomes. This review reflects on why the study of PA is an essential component of our understanding of physical health and expands on pathways that connect these two variables. To encourage forward movement in this burgeoning research area, measurement and design issues in the study of PA and health are discussed, as are the connections between PA and a range of different health outcomes. Plausible biological, social, and behavioral pathways that allow for positive feelings to get under the skin and influence physical wellness are detailed and framed in the context of several theoretical models. Finally, new directions for the field and important methodological and interpretative considerations that are essential to moving this important research area forward are explored.

scholarly journals Space Food and Nutrition in a Long Term Manned Mission

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funmilola Adebisi Oluwafemi ◽  
Andrea De La Torre ◽  
Esther Morayo Afolayan ◽  
Bolanle Magret Olalekan-Ajayi ◽  
Bal Dhital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Good Shape ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
Exploration Mission ◽  
Good Food

Abstract Fulfillment of space exploration mission is key, but much more important are the lives of the explorers. Keeping the astronauts alive, jolly and healthy for long term manned mission has recently being a major and important research area. A major contribution seems to be the food they eat. For short term space manned missions, astronauts food could be taken along with them from Earth, but for manned missions to the Moon, Mars and Venus which are the current research destinations for long term space missions, they must find a means for their nutrition such as growing plants and finding any other alternatives for their survival. As most of these proposed missions have being designed to be one-way missions whereby the astronauts will not come back to the Earth. Good food and nutrition for astronauts help to keep their psychology and physiology in good shape. In this paper, solutions will be made on the various alternatives for feeding astronauts in the long term missions to various celestial bodies: Moon, Mars and Venus, where the atmosphere, gravity, soil, radiation and other conditions vary from one to the other and may not support germination, growth and development of plants. Therefore, review will be done on the following: having fore knowledge of how plants will grow on these celestial bodies by simulating their soils; using mathematical/theoretical models to get the growth rate of plants in relation to the gravity available on these celestial bodies using available data from terrestrial growth (1 g growth) and microgravity/microgravity simulations facilities; getting to know how the plants will be grown such as using greenhouse method as a result of the atmosphere and radiation in these celestial bodies; and other various alternatives for growing plants and having the astronauts well-nourished such as using aeroponics and hydroponics methods. A brief discussion will also be done on food choice for astronauts considering psychosocial and cultural factors.

scholarly journals Childhood Physical Abuse Casts a Very Long Shadow: Physical and Mental Illness Among Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
Esme Fuller-Thomson ◽  
Anna S Buhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Childhood Physical Abuse ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A burgeoning literature indicates adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with chronic illness. Most research, to date, has not focused on health outcomes among older adults. The objectives of the current study were to identify the prevalence and adjusted odds of two mental health and six physical health conditions among survivors of childhood physical abuse (CPA) who were aged 60 and older (n=409) in comparison to their peers who had not been physically abused (n=4,659). Data were drawn from a representative sample of older British Columbians in the Canadian Community Health Survey. Logistic regression analyses took into account sex, race, age, immigration status, marital status, education, income, smoking, obesity, binge drinking and number of other ACEs. For 3 health outcomes, CPA survivors had adjusted odds ratio more than twice that of their peers (Anxiety OR=2.22; 95% CI=1.46, 3.38; Depression OR=2.17; 95% CI=1.57, 3.01; COPD OR=2.03; 95% CI=1.40, 2.94). For CPA survivors, the adjusted odds ratios were more than 50% higher for cancer (OR=1.71; 95% CI=1.31, 2.24), migraine (OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.15, 2.45) and debilitating chronic pain (OR=1.58; 95% CI=1.22, 2.03), and 33% higher for arthritis (OR=1.33; 95% CI=1.05, 1.69). CPA was not significantly associated with either heart disease or diabetes (p>.05). The association between CPA and two mental health and four physical health outcomes remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors and other ACEs. Further research is needed to investigate potential pathways through which childhood physical abuse is linked to a wide range of chronic later-life health problems.

Shape control in seed-mediated synthesis of non-elongated Cu nanoparticles and their optical properties

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenia V. Medvedeva ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Alex Maokhamphiou ◽  
Jury J Medvedev ◽  
Aftab Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Shape Control ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Copper Nanoparticle ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Cu Nanoparticles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Research Area

Shape and surface chemistry control in copper nanoparticle synthesis is an important research area due to a wide range of developing applications of this material in catalysis, energy conversion, sensing...

Coups and Mutinies

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Military Effectiveness ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

The violent and sudden overthrow of governments has caught the attention of many scholars from various disciplines and placed the incidence of coups at the center of such studies. The result is the emergence of a rich literature that has used a multitude of methods and factors to explain the incidence of coups and control of the military. Although the interest in the incidence of coups and coup-proofing has waxed and waned depending on the waves of democratization and occurrence of the coups, the literature continues to evolve as the recent scholarship has introduced different variables to understand coups. Parallel with coup research, scholars also have started to look into the other ways that a military interferes in politics as well as the impact of coups on other issues, such as democratization and military effectiveness. A military can interfere in politics in subtle ways, which can be within the bounds of the legal order of the state. What is more, even if the military engages in direct disobedience, such as mutinies, these acts do not necessarily turn into an attempt to overthrow the government. Thus military mutinies have started to draw attention. Especially the impact of loyalty and disobedience of militaries on the success and failure of civil unrest has become an important research area following the Arab Spring, and the effects of past coups, the threat of coups, and coup-proofing on other issues, such as democratization and military effectiveness, have become another research avenue within the literature. This literature focuses on how coups and coup-proofing have an overarching effect on the militaries and the political structure of states. The fear of coups can shape the democratization path and the choices that decision makers have. It has a direct impact on military policies, which can end up decreasing military effectiveness. Therefore, this article mainly focuses on the recent scholarship to present the most recent debates in the field. To this end, in the first section, the article presents a list of articles that present a general overview of the field and how the debates have changed over the years. In the second section, we will focus on the various ways that a military interferes with politics and debates on Controlling the Military. The third section delves into the causes of coups and presents a wide range of factors and approaches in understanding coups. The fourth section focuses on the overlooked aspect of military behavior: mutinies and rebellions. The fifth section brings all the previous sections together and investigates the impact of coups and rebellions on Democratization and Military Effectiveness. The final section provides an overview of the Datasets on coups and military participation in politics.

An Improved Three-Stage Classifier for Activity Recognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 1860003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Garcia-Ceja ◽  
Ramon F. Brena
Keyword(s):  
Activity Recognition ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
Selection Of

Recently, Human Activity Recognition (HAR) has become an important research area because of its wide range of applications in several domains such as health care, elder care, sports monitoring systems, etc. The use of wearable sensors — specifically the use of inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes — has become the most common approach to recognize physical activities because of their unobtrusiveness and ubiquity. Overall, the process of building a HAR system starts with a feature extraction phase and then a classification model is trained. In the work of Siirtola et al. is proposed an intermediate clustering step to find the homogeneous groups of activities. For the recognition step, an instance is assigned to one of the groups and the final classification is performed inside that group. In this work we evaluate the clustering-based approach for activity classification proposed by Siirtola with two additional improvements: automatic selection of the number of groups and an instance reassignment procedure. In the original work, they evaluated their method using decision trees on a sports activities dataset. For our experiments, we evaluated seven different classification models on four public activity recognition datasets. Our results with 10-fold Cross Validation showed that the method proposed by Siirtola with our additional two improvements performed better in the majority of cases as compared to using the single classification model under consideration. When using Leave One User Out Cross Validation (user independent model) we found no differences between the proposed method and the single classification model.

scholarly journals Fragile and Enduring Positive Affect: Implications for Adaptive Aging

Gerontology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Ong ◽  
Nilam Ram
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Over Time

There is robust evidence linking interindividual differences in positive affect (PA) with adaptive psychological and physical health outcomes. However, recent research has suggested that intraindividual variability or fluctuations in PA states over time may also be an important predictor of individual health outcomes. Here, we report on research that focuses on PA level and various forms of PA dynamics (variability, instability, inertia, and reactivity) in relation to health. PA level refers to the average level of positive feelings. In contrast, PA dynamics refer to short-term changes in PA that unfold over time. We discuss how consideration of both PA level and PA dynamics can provide a framework for reconciling when high PA is conducive or detrimental to health. We conclude that more work on PA dynamics is needed, especially in combination with PA level, and suggest productive questions for future inquiry in this area.

scholarly journals Selective Extraction of Entangled Textures via Adaptive PDE Transform

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Guo-Wei Wei ◽  
Siyang Yang
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
Variation Of Functional ◽  
Functional Mode

Texture and feature extraction is an important research area with a wide range of applications in science and technology. Selective extraction of entangled textures is a challenging task due to spatial entanglement, orientation mixing, and high-frequency overlapping. The partial differential equation (PDE) transform is an efficient method for functional mode decomposition. The present work introduces adaptive PDE transform algorithm to appropriately threshold the statistical variance of the local variation of functional modes. The proposed adaptive PDE transform is applied to the selective extraction of entangled textures. Successful separations of human face, clothes, background, natural landscape, text, forest, camouflaged sniper and neuron skeletons have validated the proposed method.

Interpersonal Discrimination and Physical Health

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Smart Richman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Pascoe ◽  
Micah Lattanner
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interpersonal Discrimination ◽  
Measurement Practices

Interpersonal discrimination contributes to health inequalities for disadvantaged groups across numerous stigmatized identities. This effect has been found using cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental designs. Interpersonal discrimination has been associated with poor health across a wide range of mental health outcomes, including greater rates of depression, psychological distress, anxiety, and negative well-being, and also physical health outcomes such as hypertension, diabetes, respiratory problems, self-reported ill health, low birth weight, and cardiovascular disease. This chapter examines the relationship between interpersonal discrimination and health. It first reviews the literature, focusing on current best measurement practices, and then provides support for the theoretical model of the pathways by which interpersonal discrimination impacts health outcomes. The chapter then presents an updated meta-analysis that further supports the model and expands on types of discrimination and outcomes. It concludes with a discussion of directions for future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document