The Effect Early Marriage and Marital Stress Among University Students in USIM

This study aims to identify the effect of early marriage with marital stress among university students in USIM. Objectives of this study were to determine the effect of early marriage with marital stress among students in USIM, to investigate how the marriage couple students cope with the stress and, to determine the relationship between stress and marriage satisfaction. This research used Stress Scale (PSS) to measure the level of stress and Marital Satisfaction Scale (MSS) to measure marriage satisfaction. An interview also being used in this study in order to determine effect of early marriage with marital stress among students in USIM. The data were obtained, analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics Version 25.0 software that involved descriptive statistics analysis, Pallant scale, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings of the study indicate that the stress and marriage satisfaction of the respondents are at a moderate level, besides, these two variables have a very strong significance correlation within positive direction (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). Interview result demonstrated that the effects of early marriage put stress on the marriage relationship and coupled with other factors such as family member intervention, financial problems, and commitment of study.

Stressful Family Contexts and Health in Divorced and Married Mothers

Using prospective data over 25 years from a sample of 416 women, the first objective of the current study was to investigate the biopsychosocial process over the second-half of the life course comparing mothers with diferent marital histories. The second objective was to investigate this biopsychosocial process for 296 maried mothers focusing on their marital quality over middle years. The results suggested that, compared to being married, divorcing in early-midlife launched an adverse biopsychosocial process for women leading to physical pain, physical limitations, and depressive symptoms over their mid-later years, largely through early-midlife financial stress, regardless of later recoupling. However, subsequent financial stress did not influence divorced mothers’ later-life health problems, suggesting their development of resilience. For consistently married mothers, both marital stress and financial stress uniquely influenced all three health problems throughout their mid-later years. For all mothers, these health problems progressed over mid-later years, as indicated through their stabilities and mutual influences, and these health problems also selected mothers into further escalating financial and marital stress over their mid-later years. Elucidating differential short- and long-term health influences of marital and financial stressors for divorced and married mothers provides a potentially useful information for targeted early preventive intervention efforts and policy formation. Such interventions can promote and develop resiliency factors, thereby aiding middle-aged mothers to prevent from adverse biopsychosocial processes.

Psychological treatment of perinatal depression: a meta-analysis

Background Depression during pregnancy and after the birth of a child is highly prevalent and an important public health problem. Psychological interventions are the first-line treatment and, although a considerable number of randomized trials have been conducted, no recent comprehensive meta-analysis has evaluated treatment effects. Methods We used an existing database of randomized controlled trials of psychotherapies for adult depression and included studies aimed at perinatal depression. Random effects models were used in all analyses. We examined the effects of the interventions in the short and long term, and also examined secondary outcomes. Results Forty-three studies with 49 comparisons and 6270 participants between an intervention and control group were included. The overall effect size was g = 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45~0.89; numbers needed-to-be-treated = 4.39] with high heterogeneity (I2 = 80%; 95% CI 75~85). This effect size remained largely unchanged and significant in a series of sensitivity analyses, although some publication bias was found. The effects remained significant at 6–12 months follow-up. Significant effects were also found for social support, anxiety, functional limitations, parental stress and marital stress, although the number of studies for each outcome was low. All results should be considered with caution because of the high levels of heterogeneity in most analyses. Conclusions Psychological interventions are probably effective in the treatment of perinatal depression, with effects that last at least up to 6–12 months and probably also have effects on social support, anxiety, functional impairment, parental stress, and marital stress.

CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN SHUKRAVAHA STROTAS IN VANDHYATVA W.S.R TO MALE INFERTILITY

Infertility is typically defined as the inability to conceive after at least one year of regular, unprotected sex. This affects 15–20% of couples. A male factor is estimated to be present in about 50% of cases. Male infertility is associated with significant psychosocial and marital stress. In Sharir Sthana ‘Mahatigarbhavktanti ’Adhyay Charaka mentioned about male infertility (Vandhyatva) and female infertility (Vandhyaatva). Vrushana and Shepha are Moola of Shukravaha Strotas. Testis and Vrushana, penis and Shepha can be correlate, so that the spermato- genesis and carrying of semen takes place. Shukra can be classified as Sukshma (invisible form of Shukra) and Sthula Shukra (semen). Vrushana and Shepha can considered as Moola Sthana with respect to Sthula Shukra. There are wide range of conditions causing male infertility. Out of which some causes anatomical change in Shukravaha Strotas which affects Parinaman (production) and Abhivahan (transportation) of Sthula Shukra. Keywords: Shukravaha strotas, Strotomoola, Shukra, Vandhyatva, Male infertility

Midlife Marital and Financial Stress and the Progression of Later-Life Health Problems for Husbands and Wives

Objectives: Locating the family systems theory within the life course stress process perspective, this study investigates how husbands’ and wives’ marital and financial stress were implicated in their subsequent physical health, psychological distress, and loneliness. Methods: Using prospective data from 254 husbands and wives over 27 years, a path model examined the influence of marital stress and family financial stress during midlife (40–50 years) on later-life (65+ years) physical health, psychological distress, and loneliness. Results: For wives, loneliness was a mechanism linking marital stress to their health outcomes and their husbands’ physical health. For husbands, physical health was a mechanism linking financial strain to husbands’ health outcomes and wives’ physical health. Discussion: The findings emphasize the consideration of midlife financial and marital stress for policies and programs for older adults, particularly the prevention of loneliness and improving interpersonal processes, as ways to protect from earlier stressful experiences.

The Role of Alexithymia and Sexual Self-esteem in the Prediction of Marital Stress and Adjustment in Infertile Women

Objective: Considering the negative impact of infertility on the level of adjustment and stress in women, the present study aimed to examine the role of sexual self-esteem and alexithymia in predicting marital stress and adjustment of infertile women. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all infertile women in Shiraz City, Iran (N=70000). A total of 400 women were selected through a non-random and purposeful sampling method, but the final sample consisted of 380 subjects. The study tools were a short form of sexual self-esteem scale for women, Locke-Wallace marital adjustment questionnaire, Stockholm-Tehran marital stress scale, and Toronto alexithymia scale. The obtained data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation and multivariate regression in the SPSS V. 26. Results: The results showed a significant negative relationship between sexual self-esteem and marital stress as well as alexithymia and marital adjustment (P<0.01). Besides, the positive relationships between sexual self-esteem and marital adjustment and alexithymia and marital stress were significant (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrated that alexithymia and sexual self-esteem could significantly predict marital stress and marital adjustment with the standard coefficient of 0.44 and 0.22, respectively. Conclusion: Alexithymia and sexual self-esteem play essential roles in predicting adjustment and stress levels of infertile women, respectively. Accordingly, difficulty in emotional awareness at first, and then the low level of self-esteem in sexual function can decrease adjustment and increase stress in marital relationships.

Influence of Coping Strategies，Self-Concept and Educational Level on Marital Stress Among Married Working Women

In this 21st century a lot of women are experiencing martial challenges due to the various and important roles they perform in the home and in the society, which may require some psychological remedies. The study investigated the influence of coping strategies, self-concept and educational level on marital stress among married working women. The participants whose age ranged from 25 – 55 years with mean age of 40.63 and standard deviation of 7.59 were 377. They responded to three instruments. A 2 x 2 x 2 Analysis of Variance was used to analyze the data. Thus, the results showed that married working women who adopted emotion-focused strategies presented less marital stress symptoms F (1, 369) = 4.44, p<. 05; those with higher educational level presented less marital stress symptoms F (1, 369) = 6.33, p<.05. The results also showed that there were significant interaction effects of coping strategies and self-concept F (1, 369) = 5.88, p<. 05; and self-concept and educational level F (1, 369) = 4.18 p<. 05. Based on the outcome of this study, it was recommended that married working women should strive for higher education and also use emotion-focused coping strategies in the face of marital stress.