(Invited) High Energy Cell Design: Challenges and Quantitative Characterization of the Role of Lean Electrolyte

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Cell Design ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Design Challenges

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Water-Based Nano-Perfumes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Miastkowska ◽  
Elwira Lasoń ◽  
Elżbieta Sikora ◽  
Katarzyna Wolińska-Kennard
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Water Based

The application of nanoemulsions as a novel delivery system for lipophilic materials, such as essential oils, flavors, and fragrances is one of the growing technologies used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Their characteristic properties, like small droplet size with high interfacial area, transparent or semi-transparent appearance, low viscosity, and high kinetic stability, make them a perfect vehicle for fragrances, in the perfume industry. They could be a great alternative to water-based perfumes, without alcohol, and solve problems related to the oxidation and low bioavailability of fragrances with other non-alcoholic vehicles of perfumes like pomades or gels. The aim of our study was to develop stable Oil-in-Water (O/W) nanoemulsions that are compatible with selected fragrance compositions, without ethanol, polyols, and ionic surfactants, and to study their physicochemical, microbiological, and dermatological properties. The nano-perfume systems were obtained with a low-energy (Phase Inversion Composition; PIC) and with a high-energy (ultrasound, US) method, taking into account the possibility of moving from the laboratory scale to an industrial scale. The optimized nano-perfume formulations, prepared with different methods, yielded the same physicochemical properties (stability, medium droplet size of the inner phase, polydispersity, viscosity, surface tension, pH, density). Stable systems were obtained with a fragrance composition concentration within 6–15% range. These formulations had a low viscosity and a pH suitable for the skin. Moreover, the obtained results confirmed the protective role of nanoemulsions. The peroxide number measurement (POV) showed that the tested fragrance compositions had a high chemical stability. The results of the microbiological tests confirmed that the obtained products were free of microbiological contamination and were appropriately preserved. The dermatological test results confirmed the safety of the developed preparations.

scholarly journals High-energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy at actinide M4,5 and ligand K edges: what we know, what we want to know, what we can know

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Kvashnina ◽  
Sergei M Butorin
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Resolution ◽  
X Ray

In recent years, scientists have progressively recognized the role of electronic structure in the characterization of chemical properties for actinide containing materials. High-energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy at the actinide M4,5...

Structural Characterization of Powder Metallurgy and Composite Materials

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
Alan Lawley
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Rational Development ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Structure Property Relationship

Of the broad spectrum of new or advanced competitive engineering materials for structural applications, composites and high-density powder metallurgy (P/M) materials are perhaps of most interest. Rational development necessitates a thorough knowledge of the associated structure-property relationship; particular importance is vested in the role of microstructure on properties such as strength, creep resistance, ductility, toughness and fatigue resistance. Examination of structure in these materials presents a number of unique problems; however, intelligent application of the various techniques of optical and electron microscopy can provide a quantitative characterization. The primary objective here is to review these approaches and to illustrate observations by reference to metal-matrix composites and various P/M materials.

Identification for Chaos and Subharmonic Responses in Coupled Forced Duffing's Oscillators

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-D. Jeng ◽  
Y. Kang ◽  
Y.-P. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Oscillators ◽  
High Order ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Section Method ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Integral Quantity ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Signal Response

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a response integral quantity method is proposed. This technique provides a quantitative characterization of system responses and can assist the role of the traditional stroboscopic technique (Poincaré section method) in observing bifurcations and chaos of the nonlinear oscillators. We numerically analyze and identify the chaos and subharmonic responses in the forced coupled Duffing's oscillators in which we find that chaotic behaviors and high-order subharmonic responses exist. Due to the signal response contamination of system, it is difficult to identify the high-order responses of the subharmonic motion because of the sampling points on Poincaré map being very close to each other. Even the system responses are subject to misjudgments. The simulation results, however, show that the highorder subharmonic and chaotic responses and their bifurcations can be observed effectively.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

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