scholarly journals Characterization of the diurnal rhythm of peptide YY and its association with energy balance parameters in normal-weight premenopausal women

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (2) ◽  
pp. E409-E415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenna R. Hill ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza ◽  
Nancy I. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cubic Curve ◽  
Single Meal

PYY may play a role in modulating satiety and energy expenditure; increasing PYY postprandially has been studied largely in single-meal responses. The diurnal rhythm of PYY and its role in energy balance have not been fully characterized. The purpose of our study was to characterize features of the diurnal rhythm of PYY and determine its role in regulating energy balance. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 11 subjects in whom 24-h repeated blood sampling was conducted at baseline of a larger prospective study. Breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D), and a snack (S) occurred between 0900 and 1900. Total PYY was assayed every hour from 0800 to 1000, every 20 min from 1000 to 2000, and every hour from 2000 to 0800. PYY variables included total AUC, postprandial peaks, and 24-h mean. Energy balance variables included energy intake, RMR, RQ, and NEAT. PYY postprandial peaks were significantly higher than fasting ( P < 0.05). Twenty-four-hour peak PYY occurred after L and was significantly higher than all other peaks ( P < 0.05). A cubic curve function accounted for most of the variance in PYY ( r2 = 69.9%, P < 0.01). Fasting PYY (0800) correlated with postprandial peaks at B ( r = 0.77, P = 0.01), L ( r = 0.71, P = 0.01), and D ( r = 0.65, P = 0.03). The only significant association between PYY and energy expenditure was that RMR (kcal/24 h) correlated with 24-h mean PYY ( r = 0.71, P = 0.013) and total AUC ( r = 0.69, P = 0.019). We conclude that PYY displays a meal-driven diurnal rhythm and is correlated to RMR, a major contributor to energy expenditure. Thus, PYY varies in accordance with energy content and RMR, supporting a role for PYY in energy balance modulation.

scholarly journals The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Clayton ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

Energy expenditure, energy balance, and composition of weight gain in low birth weight infants fed diets of different protein and energy content

1987 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl F. Schulze ◽  
Mark Stefanski ◽  
Julia Masterson ◽  
Regina Spinnazola ◽  
Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants

scholarly journals Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1245-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reetta Lehto ◽  
Carola Ray ◽  
Marjaana Lahti-Koski ◽  
Eva Roos
Keyword(s):  
Weight Status ◽  
School Lunch ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meal Pattern ◽  
School Day ◽  
Statistical Analysis Method ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractObjectiveIn many studies it has been shown that breakfast is associated with normal weight in children and adolescents. Other meals, family meals and a regular meal pattern have been less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether a regular meal pattern, or breakfast, lunch or dinner as separate regular meals, is associated with the BMI of children.DesignA cross-sectional study conducted within the Helsinki region during 2006. Study participants were measured and weighed by research staff. Children filled in a study questionnaire on their health behaviour, including the frequency of consuming meals. A regular meal was defined as one usually eaten on every school day. A regular meal pattern was defined as one consisting of a usual consumption of breakfast, school lunch and dinner on every school day. Covariance analysis was used as the statistical analysis method.SettingCapital region, Finland, 2006.SubjectsA total of 604 schoolchildren (312 girls) aged 9–11 years.ResultsIrregular breakfast and an irregular meal pattern were associated with higher BMI. Regularity of school lunch, dinner or family dinner was not associated with BMI.ConclusionsA regular breakfast and meal pattern was associated with lower BMI in children, although breakfast was the only single meal associated with BMI. We conclude that, although the association between breakfast and weight status in children is fairly consistent, the role of other meals is less convincing.

The contribution of fat-free mass to resting energy expenditure: implications for weight loss strategies in the treatment of adolescent obesity

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Browning ◽  
Ronald K. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Adolescent Obesity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Weight Loss Outcomes ◽  
Resting Energy

AbstractOwing to the strong relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and resting energy expenditure (REE), the preservation of FFM is often emphasized in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Typical treatment regimens including an increased dietary consumption of protein and participation in resistance training are common components of adolescent weight management programs, despite limited evidence of a positive influence of FFM on weight loss outcomes in adolescents. Given the larger volume of FFM in obese relative to normal weight adolescents and the common treatment goals of both maximizing weight loss and attenuating the loss of FFM, a better understanding of the influence of FFM on energy balance is needed to determine whether strategies to preserve lean tissue or maximize absolute weight loss should be most emphasized. We review the associations among FFM, REE, and weight loss outcomes, focusing on how these relationships might influence energy balance in obese adolescents.

scholarly journals Maternal adiposity and energy balance after normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L McLennan ◽  
Amanda Henry ◽  
Lynne M Roberts ◽  
Sai S Siritharan ◽  
Melissa Ojurovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Preeclampsia is a major pregnancy complication associated with long-term maternal cardiometabolic disease. Research generally is focused on metabolic and pathophysiological changes during pregnancy, however, there is much less focus on the early postpartum period in subjects who suffered preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to (a) characterise energy intake and expenditure six months following normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies, and (b) examine associations between energy balance, body composition, insulin resistance measures (HOMA-IR), and clinical characteristics. Design A cross-sectional study six months following normotensive (n=75) and preeclamptic (n=22) pregnancies was performed. Metabolic measurements included: anthropometrics measures, body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24-hour energy expenditure via SenseWear Armbands, energy intake via a three-day food diary, and serum metabolic parameters. Results Six months following preeclampsia, women had a significantly higher weight (77.3±20.9kg versus 64.5±11.4kg, p=0.01), fat mass percentage (FM%) (40.7±7.4% versus 34.9±8.1%, p=0.004), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR 2.2±1.5 versus 1.0±0.7, p=0.003), as well as reduced HDL levels (1.5±0.4 mmol/L versus 1.8±0.4 mmol/L, p=0.01) compared to normotensive women. Women post-preeclampsia had lower activity-related energy expenditure (p=0.02) but a decreased total energy intake (p=0.02), leading to a more negative energy balance compared to their normotensive counterparts (-1,942 kJ/24-hours versus -480 kJ/24-hours; p=0.02). Conclusion Increases in insulin resistance and FM%, reduced HDL, and more sedentary lifestyles characterise the postpartum period following preeclamptic compared with normotensive pregnancies. Early post-preeclampsia interventions, such as lifestyle behaviour change, should be implemented and assessed to determine whether they reduce long-term cardiometabolic risk in women who experienced preeclampsia during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Peptide YY Mediates the Satiety Effects of the Short Chain Fatty Acid – Butyrate (P08-004-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arashdeep Singh ◽  
Prasanth Chelikani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Sprague Dawley

Abstract Objectives Fermentation of fiber in the gut generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as butyrate, which decrease food intake and promote weight loss in rodent models. SCFA have been shown to enhance secretion of the gut satiety hormone peptide YY (PYY). However, it is unknown whether PYY is causative to SCFA-induced changes in energy balance. Our Objectives were to determine the dose-response effects of butyrate on energy balance, and assess whether PYY signaling is essential for mediating the satiety effects of butyrate. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats (8 wks old, n = 39) were randomized to one of three isocaloric (4.63 kcal/g) diets: 1) control (0% sodium butyrate, n = 14), 2) 5% sodium butyrate (n = 13), or 3) 10% sodium butyrate (n = 12), and followed for upto 4 weeks. A PYY Y-2 receptor antagonist (BIIE0246) or vehicle were administered IP acutely during the study. Measurements included food intake, respiratory quotient, and energy expenditure (CLAMS®), and body composition (Minispec LF110 NMR). Results Compared to control, 10% sodium butyrate decreased food intake and respiratory quotient for 4 days, whereas, 5% sodium butyrate was ineffective. Notably, compared to control, 10% sodium butyrate decreased body weight and fat gain without changing energy expenditure. Importantly, systemic Y-2 receptor blockade stimulated food intake and increased respiratory quotient, without altering energy expenditure, only in 10% sodium butyrate group. Conclusions We found that dietary butyrate dose-dependently decreases food intake and respiratory quotient. Importantly, Y-2 receptor blockade attenuated butyrate-induced hypophagia, which supports a role for endogenous PYY in the satiety effects of dietary butyrate. Funding Sources NSERC, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.  

Energy balance in exercise-trained rats acclimated at two environmental temperatures

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1054-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Richard ◽  
J. Arnold ◽  
J. Leblanc
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exercise training on energy balance in male rats acclimated at two different environmental temperatures. Sedimentary and exercised rats were housed and trained at either 24 or 4 degrees C, with the training program consisting of running on a motor-driven treadmill within their respective environments. After 45 days, energy, protein, and fat contents of rats were determined together with the energy content of food and feces. The results show that metabolizable energy intake was reduced by 10% in exercise-trained groups. Substantial differences in energy gains were observed between sedentary and trained rats; sedentary rats showed almost three times more energy gain than trained rats. Carcass analysis revealed the energy gain differences to be mainly due to varied amounts of fat deposition. Energy expenditure (kJ) excluding the cost of exercise training was corrected for metabolic body size (BW 0.75), which in turn showed no significant differences between trained rats and their respective sedentary controls. The present results suggested that exercise training in rats leads to neither increase nor decrease in energy expenditure through components additional to physical activity. The present results also indicated that brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, as assessed through mitochondrial guanosine 5′-diphosphate binding, was not significantly modified by exercise training, regardless of the temperature at which the rats were housed and trained.

Androgens During the Reproductive Years: What Is Normal for Women?

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5382-5392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A Skiba ◽  
Robin J Bell ◽  
Rakibul M Islam ◽  
David J Handelsman ◽  
Reena Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Androgen Levels

Abstract Objective Whether serum androgen levels can identify women with “androgen insufficiency” or “androgen excess” is unresolved; thus, what constitutes “normal” remains uncertain. We sought to determine whether androgens, including 11-oxygenated C19 steroids, vary with age, menstrual cycle, or body mass index (BMI), during the reproductive years. Design and Setting Cross-sectional study recruited from eastern Australian states. Participants A total of 588 women, aged 18 to 39 years, who were not pregnant, lactating, or using systemic hormone therapy, with regular menstrual cycles and no previous diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Main Outcome Measures Sex steroids measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Testosterone and androstenedione concentrations were significantly higher during the menstrual cycle mid- and luteal phases than in the early follicular phase, with median values across the cycle of 0.34 nmol/L (range, 0.04 to 1.01) and 1.97 nmol/L (range, 0.53 to 7.89), respectively. No cyclical variations were found in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; 4.91 nmol/L; range, 0.08 to 23.51), 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA; 7.99 nmol/L; range, 0.07 to 31.67), or 11-ketotestosterone (11KT; 1.27 nmol/L; range, 0.03 to 7.61). Overweight women had lower median testosterone (P < 0.05), DHEA (P < 0.05), and 11KA (P < 0.01) levels than normal-weight women. All C19 steroids were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in those aged 35 to 39 years than in those aged 18 to 25 years. The median 11KA/androstenedione (4.3:1) and 11KT/testosterone (3.9:1) ratios did not change with age, after adjustment for BMI and cycle stage. Conclusions We have demonstrated that 11KA and 11KT are stable across the menstrual cycle and make major quantitative contributions to the circulating androgen pool. All C19 androgens declined with age before menopause; hence, age-specific reference ranges are required for the interpretation of androgen levels in premenopausal women.

scholarly journals The impact of weight loss on the 24-h profile of circulating peptide YY and its association with 24-h ghrelin in normal weight premenopausal women

Peptides ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenna R. Hill ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza ◽  
David A. Wagstaff ◽  
Nancy I. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Ghrelin and Obestatin Circadian Levels Differentiate Bingeing-Purging from Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3057-3062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natacha Germain ◽  
Bogdan Galusca ◽  
Dominique Grouselle ◽  
Delphine Frere ◽  
Stephane Billard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orexigenic Peptide ◽  
Purging Behavior ◽  
Total Ghrelin

Abstract Context: Anorexia nervosa (AN) patients present with restrictive food behavior (AN-R). Some of them develop episodes of bulimia (AN-BP) without any clear pathophysiological explanation to date. Their clinical differentiation is important but not easily performed. Orexigenic/anorexigenic peptides measurements could provide some clues for that matter. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether the circadian profile of total and acylated ghrelin, obestatin, and peptide YY (PYY) levels is different in AN-R subjects when compared with AN-BP patients. Design and Settings: This was a cross-sectional study in an endocrinological unit. Patients and Control Subjects: Four groups of age-matched young women: 22 AN-R, 10 AN-BP, 16 normal-weight bulimia nervosa (BN), and nine controls. Main Outcome Measures: Twelve-point circadian profiles of plasma total and acylated ghrelin, obestatin, and PYY were measured. Results: Total and acylated ghrelin and obestatin circadian levels were increased in AN-R when compared with controls but decreased in both AN-BP and BN groups (P &lt; 0.001). PYY was decreased in all groups with eating disorders. Acylated to total ghrelin ratio was decreased in AN-BP and BN (P &lt; 0.001), whereas obestatin to acylated ghrelin and PYY to acylated ghrelin ratios were increased in both groups with bingeing-purging behavior (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: Patients with AN-associated bingeing-purging behavior present a very different profile of appetite regulatory peptides when compared with the pure restrictive type. The assessment of ghrelin (and eventually obestatin) could be of particular interest for differential diagnosis. Very low ghrelin levels and increased anorexigenic to orexigenic peptide ratios suggest either a lack of adaptation to a starvation state or a higher facility to cope with undernutrition.

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