scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles in liver diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (3) ◽  
pp. G194-G200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayantan Maji ◽  
Akiko Matsuda ◽  
Irene K. Yan ◽  
Mansi Parasramka ◽  
Tushar Patel
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biliary Tract Disease ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles that are released by cells into their extracellular environment, have selective enrichment of specific proteins and RNA, and can mediate intercellular communication. In this review we highlight recent observations of the role of EVs in liver injury, viral hepatitis, alcoholic or nonalcoholic liver disease, biliary tract disease, and liver cancers. Potential applications as markers of diseases or for therapeutic applications are outlined to emphasize the new opportunities that are arising from the study of EVs.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immune Regulation and Cancer Progression

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3563
Author(s):  
Sonam Mittal ◽  
Prachi Gupta ◽  
Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan ◽  
Sunila Pradeep
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Extracellular Environment ◽  
Insight Into

The development of effective therapies for cancer treatment requires a better understanding of the tumor extracellular environment and a dynamic interaction between tumor cells, the cells of the immune system, and the tumor stroma. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles play an important role in this interaction. Extracellular vesicles are nanometer-sized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various types of cells that facilitate intracellular communication by transferring proteins, various lipids, and nucleic acids, especially miRNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles play discrete roles in the immune regulatory functions, such as antigen presentation, and activation or suppression of immune cells. Achieving therapeutic intervention through targeting of extracellular vesicles is a crucial area of research now. Thus, a deeper knowledge of exosome biology and the molecular mechanism of immune regulation is likely to provide significant insight into therapeutic intervention utilizing extracellular vesicles to combat this dreadful disease. This review describes the recent updates on immune regulation by extracellular vesicles in cancer progression and possible use in cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Opportunities to Understand and Detect Neoplastic Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 030098582199932
Author(s):  
Laura Bongiovanni ◽  
Anneloes Andriessen ◽  
Marca H. M. Wauben ◽  
Esther N. M. Nolte-’t Hoen ◽  
Alain de Bruin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Intercellular Communications

With a size range from 30 to 1000 nm, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the smallest cell components able to transport biologically active molecules. They mediate intercellular communications and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In particular, EVs actively contribute to cancer initiation and progression, and there is emerging understanding of their role in creation of the metastatic niche. This fact underlies the recent exponential growth in EV research, which has improved our understanding of their specific roles in disease and their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. EVs and their biomolecular cargo reflect the state of the diseased donor cells, and can be detected in body fluids and exploited as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. Relatively few studies have been published on EVs in the veterinary field. This review provides an overview of the features and biology of EVs as well as recent developments in EV research including techniques for isolation and analysis, and will address the way in which the EVs released by diseased tissues can be studied and exploited in the field of veterinary pathology. Uniquely, this review emphasizes the important contribution that pathologists can make to the field of EV research: pathologists can help EV scientists in studying and confirming the role of EVs and their molecular cargo in diseased tissues and as biomarkers in liquid biopsies.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cargo, Function, and Therapeutic Implications

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Jabalee ◽  
Rebecca Towle ◽  
Cathie Garnis
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Immune Destruction ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cargo Molecule

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-bound structures that play key roles in intercellular communication. EVs are potent regulators of tumorigenesis and function largely via the shuttling of cargo molecules (RNA, DNA, protein, etc.) among cancer cells and the cells of the tumor stroma. EV-based crosstalk can promote proliferation, shape the tumor microenvironment, enhance metastasis, and allow tumor cells to evade immune destruction. In many cases these functions have been linked to the presence of specific cargo molecules. Herein we will review various types of EV cargo molecule and their functional impacts in the context of oncology.

scholarly journals The role of bilirubin to albumin ratio as a predictor for mortality in critically ill patients without existing liver or biliary tract disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Soo Choi ◽  
Kyung Soo Chung ◽  
Eun Hye Lee ◽  
Su Hwan Lee ◽  
Sang Hoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Biliary Tract ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Biliary Tract Disease ◽  
Albumin Ratio ◽  
Tract Disease

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Osteosarcoma Pathogenesis and Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11035
Author(s):  
Virinder Kaur Sarhadi ◽  
Ravindra Daddali ◽  
Riitta Seppänen-Kaijansinkko
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Paracrine Signaling ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Potential Applications

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor that mainly affects children and adolescents. OS has a strong tendency to relapse and metastasize, resulting in poor prognosis and survival. The high heterogeneity and genetic complexity of OS make it challenging to identify new therapeutic targets. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, or chondroblasts. OS is thought to originate at some stage in the differentiation process of MSC to pre-osteoblast or from osteoblast precursors. MSCs contribute to OS progression by interacting with tumor cells via paracrine signaling and affect tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune response, and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by OS cells and MSCs in the tumor microenvironment, are crucial mediators of intercellular communication, driving OS progression by transferring miRNAs/RNA and proteins to other cells. MSC-derived EVs have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects on OS progression. MSC-EVs can be also engineered to deliver anti-tumor cargo to the tumor site, which offers potential applications in MSC-EV-based OS treatment. In this review, we highlight the role of MSCs in OS, with a focus on EV-mediated communication between OS cells and MSCs and their role in OS pathogenesis and therapy.

scholarly journals Functionalized Oxoindolin Hydrazine Carbothioamide Derivatives as Highly Potent Inhibitors of Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Afzal ◽  
Mariya al-Rashida ◽  
Abdul Hameed ◽  
Julie Pelletier ◽  
Jean Sévigny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Extracellular Environment ◽  
Micromolar Range

Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are ectoenzymes that play an important role in the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate and diphosphate to nucleoside monophosphate. NTPDase1, -2, -3 and -8 are the membrane bound members of this enzyme family that are responsible for regulating the levels of nucleotides in extracellular environment. However, the pathophysiological functions of these enzymes are not fully understood due to lack of potent and selective NTPDase inhibitors. Herein, a series of oxoindolin hydrazine carbothioamide derivatives is synthesized and screened for NTPDase inhibitory activity. Four compounds were identified as selective inhibitors of h-NTPDase1 having IC50 values in lower micromolar range, these include compounds 8b (IC50 = 0.29 ± 0.02 µM), 8e (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.009 µM), 8f (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.01 µM) and 8l (IC50 = 0.30 ± 0.03 µM). Similarly, compound 8k (IC50 = 0.16 ± 0.01 µM) was found to be a selective h-NTPDase2 inhibitor. In case of h-NTPDase3, most potent inhibitors were compounds 8c (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.02 µM) and 8m (IC50 = 0.38 ± 0.03 µM). Since NTPDase3 has been reported to be associated with the regulation of insulin secretion, we evaluated our synthesized NTPDase3 inhibitors for their ability to stimulate insulin secretion in isolated mice islets. Promising results were obtained showing that compound 8m potently stimulated insulin secretion without affecting the NTPDase3 gene expression. Molecular docking studies of the most potent compounds were also carried out to rationalize binding site interactions. Hence, these compounds are useful tools to study the role of NTPDase3 in insulin secretion.

scholarly journals BLOC-1 is required for selective membrane protein trafficking from endosomes to primary cilia

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (7) ◽  
pp. 2131-2150 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Monis ◽  
Victor Faundez ◽  
Gregory J. Pazour
Keyword(s):  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Recycling Endosome ◽  
Ciliary Membrane ◽  
Membrane Protein Trafficking ◽  
Selective Membrane ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Lysosome Related Organelles ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Primary cilia perceive the extracellular environment through receptors localized in the ciliary membrane, but mechanisms directing specific proteins to this domain are poorly understood. To address this question, we knocked down proteins potentially important for ciliary membrane targeting and determined how this affects the ciliary trafficking of fibrocystin, polycystin-2, and smoothened. Our analysis showed that fibrocystin and polycystin-2 are dependent on IFT20, GMAP210, and the exocyst complex, while smoothened delivery is largely independent of these components. In addition, we found that polycystin-2, but not smoothened or fibrocystin, requires the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) for ciliary delivery. Consistent with the role of BLOC-1 in sorting from the endosome, we find that disrupting the recycling endosome reduces ciliary polycystin-2 and causes its accumulation in the recycling endosome. This is the first demonstration of a role for BLOC-1 in ciliary assembly and highlights the complexity of pathways taken to the cilium.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Cellular Communication in Metastasis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3429
Author(s):  
Aisling Forder ◽  
Chi-Yun Hsing ◽  
Jessica Trejo Vazquez ◽  
Cathie Garnis
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Metastatic Niche ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies

Communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer death. Small membrane-bound particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from both cancer and stromal cells and have a key role in mediating this communication through transport of cargo such as various RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA), proteins, and lipids. Tumor-secreted EVs have been observed to induce a pro-tumorigenic phenotype in non-malignant cells of the stroma, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and local immune cells. These cancer-associated cells then drive metastasis by mechanisms such as increasing the invasiveness of cancer cells, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. This review will cover the role of EV-mediated signaling in the TME during metastasis and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways to develop biomarkers and novel treatment strategies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document