Placental Transfer of Calcium and Strontium in the Rat and Rabbit

The comparative metabolism of calcium and strontium during fetal development was investigated in rats and rabbits using double tracer techniques. In general, the placental transfer from dam to fetus of strontium was about one-half that of calcium; the site of discrimination was the placental barrier. The major discrimination occurred in movement of Ca* and Sr* from dam to fetus, with little or no differential movement from fetus to dam. Under steady state conditions in the rat the relative Sr*/Ca* ratios in the fetus, maternal skeleton and diet were 0.17, 0.28 and 1, respectively. The over-all discrimination of 0.17 between fetus and diet resulted from absorption (0.42), urinary excretion (0.63) and placental transfer (0.65). In the rat it was estimated that 92% of the fetal calcium had originated from the maternal diet. In the rabbit during late pregnancy, it was determined that about 24 mg of calcium/fetus/day moved across the placenta as compared with a need of about 13 mg for fetal development.

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DIE AUSSCHEIDUNG VON TESTOSTERON UND EPITESTOSTERON BEI FRAUEN AM ENDE DER SCHWANGERSCHAFT

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0600579 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 579-585

Author(s):

K. Schollberg ◽

E. Seiler ◽

J. Holtorff

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Mean Values ◽

Pregnant Females ◽

Female Foetus ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Normal Women ◽

In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone by women in late pregnancy has been studied. The mean values of 22 normal women in pregnancy mens X are 12.9 ± 9.2 μg/24 h in the case of testosterone and 16.1 ± 16.2 μg/24 h in the case of epitestosterone. Both values do not differ significantly from those of non-pregnant females. The excretion values of mothers bearing a male foetus (17.3 ± 8.9 μg/24 h) are higher than those of mothers with a female foetus (6.4 ± 4.8 μg/24 h). The difference is statistically significant with P = 0.01.

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Drug Interactions with Warfarin: Studies with Dichloralphenazone, Chloral Hydrate and Phenazone (Antipyrine)

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0400351 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 351-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

A. Breckenridge ◽

M. L'E. Orme ◽

S. Thorgeirsson ◽

D. S. Davies ◽

R. V. Brooks

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Steady State ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Half Life ◽

Chloral Hydrate ◽

Maximal Velocity ◽

Protein Binding Sites ◽

Drug Oxidation ◽

State Plasma

1. Administration of dichloralphenazone, a complex of chloral hydrate and phenazone (antipyrine) caused a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration and loss of anticoagulant control in five subjects. 2. This effect of dichloralphenazone is due to stimulation of the drug-oxidizing enzymes of the liver endoplasmic reticulum by antipyrine, the non-hypnotic part of the complex. Administration of antipyrine caused a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration in five subjects, a shortening of the plasma warfarin half-life, with increased urinary excretion of the metabolites of 14C-labelled warfarin in two subjects and increased urinary excretion of 6β-hydroxycortisol which is formed in the liver endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Administration of chloral hydrate, the hypnotic part of dichloralphenazone, caused no change in anticoagulant control but a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration in five subjects. This is due to the accumulation of trichloroacetic acid which displaces warfarin from plasma protein binding sites. 4. Individual differences in the extent of enzyme induction have been shown to be related to the subjects' rates of drug oxidation. 5. In the rat administration of dichloralphenazone and antipyrine, but not chloral hydrate, caused shortening of pentobarbitone sleeping time and of the plasma [14C]pentobarbitone half-life, shortening of the zoxazolamine paralysis time and increase in the maximal velocity of N-demethylation of ethylmorphine.

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TRANSFER OF WATER AND SOLUTES ACROSS THE PLACENTA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.25.1.1 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Fetal Development ◽

General Area ◽

Placental Barrier ◽

Two Sides

BOTH the pediatrician and the obstetrician need to know what influences various events during fetal development have on the performance of the infant after birth. It would be desirable to have more of the studies in this general area appear in pediatric journals to emphasize its importance to pediatricians. An example is the matter of the forces which govern the movement of water across the placenta. In general, this problem has been studied by determining the concentration of total solute, or what is more commonly termed the total osmotic pressure, of the plasma on the two sides of the placental barrier.

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Urinary Excretion of Mefloquine and Some of Its Metabolites in African Volunteers at Steady State

Chemotherapy ◽

10.1159/000238513 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 305-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D.E. Schwartz ◽

G. Eckert ◽

J.M.K. Ekue

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Urinary Excretion

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Thyroid and parathyroid-independent increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during late pregnancy in the rat

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1160381 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 381-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. M. Nguyen ◽

A. Halhali ◽

H. Guillozo ◽

M. Garabedian ◽

S. Balsan

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Placental Transfer ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Plasma ◽

Vitamin D Metabolites ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽

Fetal Plasma ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT The effect of thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) on the plasma concentrations of the vitamin D metabolites (25-(OH)D, 24,25-(OH)2D and 1,25-(OH)2D) has been studied in pregnant rats and their fetuses during the last quarter of gestation. Maternal and fetal vitamin D metabolites were not significantly affected by TPTX. A significant increase in plasma 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations was observed in both TPTX and control mothers and fetuses from days 19 to 21. Fetal and maternal plasma 25-(OH)D were positively correlated in both control and TPTX groups. Such a correlation was also found for 24,25-(OH)2D in the two groups. In contrast, a positive correlation between maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D was found in TPTX but not in control rats. These data suggest that major alterations in calcium metabolism, such as that produced by maternal TPTX, are insufficient to affect the changes in maternal and fetal plasma 1,25-(OH)2D during late pregnancy significantly. They also suggest that parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, and/or calcitonin may control a possible placental transfer of 1,25-(OH)2D in the rat. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 381–385

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Activity and protein localization of multiple glutamate transporters in gestation day 14 vs. day 20 rat placenta

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.3.c603 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 274 (3) ◽

pp. C603-C614 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

James C. Matthews ◽

Mark J. Beveridge ◽

Marc S. Malandro ◽

Jeffrey D. Rothstein ◽

Martha Campbell-Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Fetal Development ◽

Cellular Localization ◽

Glutamate Uptake ◽

Protein Localization ◽

Basal Membrane ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Transport Activity ◽

Chorioallantoic Placenta ◽

Apical Membranes

Concentrative absorption of glutamate by the developing placenta is critical for proper fetal development. The expression of GLAST1, GLT1, EAAC1, and EAAT4, known to be capable ofd-aspartate-inhibitable and Na+-coupled glutamate transport (system [Formula: see text]), was evaluated in day 14 vs. day 20 rat chorioallantoic placenta. Steady-state mRNA levels were greater at day 20 for all transporters. Immunohistochemistry determined that the expression of GLAST1, GLT1, and EAAC1 was greater throughout the day 20 placenta and was asymmetric with respect to cellular localization. EAAT4 protein was not detected. System[Formula: see text] activity was responsible for most of the Na+-dependent glutamate uptake and was greater in day 20 than in day 14apical and basal membrane subdomains of the labyrinth syncytiotrophoblast. Greater quantities of EAAC1 and GLAST1 protein were identified on day 20, and quantities were greater in basal than in apical membranes. GLT1 expression, unchanged in apical membranes, was decreased in basal membranes. These data correlate transporter mRNA and protein content with transport activity and demonstrate an increasing capacity for glutamate absorption by the developing placenta.

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Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy

10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0004 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Sir Peter Gluckman ◽

Mark Hanson ◽

Chong Yap Seng ◽

Anne Bardsley

Keyword(s):

Fetal Development ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Food Component ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Embryonic And Fetal Development ◽

Diet Induced Obesity ◽

Total Body ◽

The Impact

In this chapter, the impact of varying intakes of protein, carbohydrate and lipids, which are the key nutrients that contribute to calorie intake, is examined. Fibre is also an important food component that needs to be considered. The maternal macronutrient profile can influence embryonic and fetal development. For instance, both low and excessively high protein intakes during pregnancy are associated with restricted growth, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. High-fat maternal diets can significantly increase the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and percentage total body fat in offspring, although types of fats need to be considered, as intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is important for fetal development. The type and content of carbohydrate (high- vs low-glycaemic sources) in the maternal diet influences blood glucose concentration, which has a direct effect on fetal glucose levels and metabolism.

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Effect of Maternal Diet and Medium Chain Fatty Acids Supplementation for Piglets on Their Digestive Tract Development, Structure, and Chyme Acidity as Well as Performance and Health Status

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10050834 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 834

Author(s):

Małgorzata Świątkiewicz ◽

Ewa Hanczakowska ◽

Krzysztof Okoń ◽

Piotr Kowalczyk ◽

Eugeniusz R. Grela

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Health Status ◽

Caprylic Acid ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Gut Development ◽

Offspring Performance ◽

Medium Chain

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oils for sows during late pregnancy and lactation on offspring performance. In addition, the effect of caprylic acid (C8) or medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT) in piglets’ feed on their gut development, performance, and health status was determined. The experiment was conducted on 24 sows allocated to two treatments: diet with rapeseed oil or with coconut oil. Newborn piglets were randomly allocated to three treatments: feed with no supplement or supplemented with 0.3% MCT or with 0.3% C8. The results showed that both oils had no effect on sow reproductive rates; however, fatty acid patterns of milk differed significantly and the number of lost piglets was lower in sow fed with coconut oil. Both caprylic and MCT oil significantly improved piglet performance and villus height. These additives did not change triacylglycerol content in blood, but C8 lowered total cholesterol and MCT increased IgG content. It can be concluded that coconut oil fed to pregnant and lactating sows can markedly reduce the mortality of piglets and that caprylic acid and medium-chain fatty acid oil can be a good supplement in weaned piglet feed.

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Placental Transfer of Rilpivirine in anEx VivoHuman Cotyledon Perfusion Model

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00075-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 2901-2903 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Laurent Mandelbrot ◽

Dominique Duro ◽

Emilie Belissa ◽

Gilles Peytavin

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Transfer Rate ◽

Placental Transfer ◽

Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽

High Rate ◽

Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽

Perfusion Model ◽

The Mean ◽

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

ABSTRACTPlacental transfers of the HIV nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine were investigated in 8 term human cotyledons perfused with rilpivirine (400 ng/ml) in the maternal-to-fetal direction. The mean fetal transfer rate (FTR) (fetal/maternal concentration at steady state from 15 to 90 min) was 26% ± 8% (mean ± standard deviation), and the clearance index (rilpivirine FTR/antipyrine FTR) was 61% ± 20%. This shows that rilpivirine crosses the placenta at a relatively high rate, suggesting that the fetus is exposed to the compound during treatment of the mother.

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Urinary Excretion of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine During Fasting in Late Pregnancy in the Rat1

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/endo-84-2-447 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 447-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

EMILIO HERRERA ◽

ROBERT H. KNOPP ◽

NORBERT FREINKEL

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Late Pregnancy

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