scholarly journals The roles of sensitization and neuroplasticity in the long-term regulation of blood pressure and hypertension

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (11) ◽  
pp. R1309-R1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Kim Johnson ◽  
Zhongming Zhang ◽  
Sarah C. Clayton ◽  
Terry G. Beltz ◽  
Seth W. Hurley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ontogenetic Periods ◽  
The Brain

After decades of investigation, the causes of essential hypertension remain obscure. The contribution of the nervous system has been excluded by some on the basis that baroreceptor mechanisms maintain blood pressure only over the short term. However, this point of view ignores one of the most powerful contributions of the brain in maintaining biological fitness—specifically, the ability to promote adaptation of behavioral and physiological responses to cope with new challenges and maintain this new capacity through processes involving neuroplasticity. We present a body of recent findings demonstrating that prior, short-term challenges can induce persistent changes in the central nervous system to result in an enhanced blood pressure response to hypertension-eliciting stimuli. This sensitized hypertensinogenic state is maintained in the absence of the inducing stimuli, and it is accompanied by sustained upregulation of components of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other molecular changes recognized to be associated with central nervous system neuroplasticity. Although the heritability of hypertension is high, it is becoming increasingly clear that factors beyond just genes contribute to the etiology of this disease. Life experiences and attendant changes in cellular and molecular components in the neural network controlling sympathetic tone can enhance the hypertensive response to recurrent, sustained, or new stressors. Although the epigenetic mechanisms that allow the brain to be reprogrammed in the face of challenges to cardiovascular homeostasis can be adaptive, this capacity can also be maladaptive under conditions present in different evolutionary eras or ontogenetic periods.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

Unilateral Seizures following Vincristine Intravenous Injection

1984 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Dallera ◽  
Roberto Gamoletti ◽  
Paolo Costa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
The Face ◽  
Lymphomatous Involvement ◽  
The Brain ◽  
System Toxicity

A case of acute central nervous system toxicity following the intravenous injection of vincristine was observed in a patient treated with a chemotherapy regimen including cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and prednisone for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neurological symptoms consisted of right-sided epileptiform jacksonian seizures limited to the face, that lasted about 10 min, followed by spontaneous recovery. A cerebrospinal fluid study and computed tomographic scan of the brain failed to reveal any central nervous system lymphomatous involvement.

The Pathogenesis of Somatic Disease in Mental Defectives

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (409) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Crome
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Somatic Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mental Defectives ◽  
The Brain

The problems of the interdependence and unity of the brain and body have been put on a scientific basis by Pavlov and his successors. Bykov (1947) has, for example, been able to demonstrate that the cortex plays a leading part in the regulation of somatic processes, such as secretion of urine, blood pressure, peristalsis and metabolism. It is therefore reasonable to argue that lesions of the central nervous system will be reflected in the pathogenesis and course of morbid processes in the body. It does not follow, however, that this influence will necessarily be in the direction of greater lability, more rapid pathogenesis or more extensive destruction. The outstanding feature of the central nervous system is its plasticity and power of compensation. It is therefore possible and probable that those parts of the nervous system which remain intact will take over and compensate for the function of the lost ones. Emotion may, for example, lead to polyuria, but it does not follow that urinary secretion will be impaired in a leucotomized patient. The brain may well play an important part in the infective processes of a normal person, but the defence against infection in a microcephalic idiot may remain perfectly adequate, and may even be more effective than in a normal person, provided that the mechanism of the immunity and phagocytosis had been more fully mobilized in the course of his previous life.

Modifying Natural Behavioral Responses by Enforcing Ethical Values

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Duran Jaume ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Community Behavior ◽  
Behavior Response ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

"According to different theories about neuroscience and ethics, we want to introduce the idea that the ethical values are very good levers to conduct human responses to their perceptions. These theories are based on very currently data about science and the central nervous system explained recently by a very important neuroscientist. In a very basic nervous system, the reptilian brain, humans can solve their fundamental interest and necessities, such as survival, breading, community behavior… In a more complex and posterior temporary nervous system, thanks to the known limbic brain, humans have been able to solve and to respond to their emotional problems, creating the memory center of our emotions. After this second moment and as a result of the global anthropological evolution, the cortical brain allows us to think, to deploy the global intelligences and take human decisions. Thanks to these three brain levels and their neurobiological connections, humans have developed other intangible brains, able to experience the ethics, the esthetics, and the spirituality. Our brain works as a whole. We are the result made up of more than 100.000 million connected neurons that form the brains. In some aspects, our four dimensions, the physical, the emotional, the rational and the transcendental faces act together, hand in hand. Our more ponderous decisions aren’t always rational; more than 80% of them are basically emotional. So, our spiritual manners can be showed by biophysically manifestations; conscientious and unconscientious affects us equally. Human brain is genetically prepared to answer. Historically formed to respond, the central nervous system can be explained as the most complex organ to produce responses to multiple previous perceptions. These perceptions can be tangible or not, external or internal, consciences or not, actual or memorized. Our point of view is that we can introduce ethical values as a non-conscientious response. Working from rational and emotional ways our ethical values, we will introduce them in our transcendental brain. All posterior relationship between the brain areas will influence the behavior response to the real perceptions that we are exposed to. So, to summarize, enforced ethical values can unconscientiously modify our behavioral response. "

Gudden's Method in the Investigation of the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
James Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Friable Material ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Perhaps there is no system which in recent times has received more attention, from an anatomical as well as from a physiological point of view, than the central nervous system. The brain being built up of cells and fibres of a soft and friable material, imbedded in a still softer substance, and arranged so as to form a complicated network of fibres suspended between and connecting different systems of nuclei, it is not to be wondered at that its minute anatomy, previous to the employment of the various hardening methods now in use, was very imperfectly known. Even now, notwithstanding our present means of hardening nerve tissue, and improved appliances for preparing sections for microscopical examination, we often experience considerable difficulty in its investigation, not the smallest of which is encountered when we endeavour to follow the different nerve fibres and associate them with their proper nuclei. Sometimes this difficulty arises from several bundles of fibres connected with different nuclei running together, or occupying almost the same position and at other times from several nuclei connected with different groups of fibres being placed very close to each other, so that we may have in close proximity nuclei, or the fibres connected with nuclei, which differ greatly in function.

Gudden's Method in the Investigation of the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
James Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Friable Material ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Perhaps there is no system which in recent times has received more attention, from an anatomical as well as from a physiological point of view, than the central nervous system. The brain being built up of cells and fibres of a soft and friable material, imbedded in a still softer substance, and arranged so as to form a complicated network of fibres suspended between and connecting different systems of nuclei, it is not to be wondered at that its minute anatomy, previous to the employment of the various hardening methods now in use, was very imperfectly known. Even now, notwithstanding our present means of hardening nerve tissue, and improved appliances for preparing sections for microscopical examination, we often experience considerable difficulty in its investigation, not the smallest of which is encountered when we endeavour to follow the different nerve fibres and associate them with their proper nuclei. Sometimes this difficulty arises from several bundles of fibres connected with different nuclei running together, or occupying almost the same position and at other times from several nuclei connected with different groups of fibres being placed very close to each other, so that we may have in close proximity nuclei, or the fibres connected with nuclei, which differ greatly in function.

scholarly journals Molecular Features of the Measles Virus Viral Fusion Complex That Favor Infection and Spread in the Brain

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrille Mathieu ◽  
Francesca T. Bovier ◽  
Marion Ferren ◽  
Nicole A. P. Lieberman ◽  
Camilla Predella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Viral Fusion ◽  
Systemic Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

Measles virus (MeV) infection can cause serious complications in immunocompromised individuals, including measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE). In some cases, MeV persistence and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), another severe central nervous system (CNS) complication, develop even in the face of a systemic immune response.

scholarly journals Upregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-Ouabain System in the Brain Is the Core Mechanism in the Genesis of All Types of Hypertension

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakuo Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Renal Nerve ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Excess Sodium ◽  
The Brain

Basic research using animal models points to a causal role of the central nervous system in essential hypertension; however, since clinical research is technically difficult to perform, this connection has not been confirmed in humans. Recently, renal nerve ablation in humans proved to continuously decrease blood pressure in resistant hypertension. Furthermore, when electrical stimulation was continuously applied to the carotid baroreceptor nerve of human adults, their blood pressure lowered. These findings promoted the concept that the central nervous system may actually be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, which is closely associated with excess sodium intake. We have demonstrated that endogenous digitalis plays a key role in hypertension associated with excess sodium intake via sympathetic activation in rats. Increased sodium concentration inside the brain activates epithelial sodium channels and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the brain. Aldosterone releases ouabain from neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. Angiotensin II and aldosterone of peripheral origin reach the brain to augment sympathetic outflow. Collectively essential hypertension associated with excess sodium intake and obesity, renovascular hypertension, and primary aldosteronism and pseudoaldosteronism all seem to have a common cause originating from the central nervous system.

What Does the Brain Know About Blood Pressure?

Physiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Mifflin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The integration of baroreceptor inputs within the central nervous system is modulated by a variety of inhibitory processes. It is proposed that, in hypertension, brain stem neurons adapt to increased excitatory baroreceptor inputs by increasing the efficacy of these inhibitory processes. Enhanced inhibition maintains some degree of reflex function in hypertension.

Gudden's Method in the Investigation of the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
James Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Friable Material ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Perhaps there is no system which in recent times has received more attention, from an anatomical as well as from a physiological point of view, than the central nervous system. The brain being built up of cells and fibres of a soft and friable material, imbedded in a still softer substance, and arranged so as to form a complicated network of fibres suspended between and connecting different systems of nuclei, it is not to be wondered at that its minute anatomy, previous to the employment of the various hardening methods now in use, was very imperfectly known. Even now, notwithstanding our present means of hardening nerve tissue, and improved appliances for preparing sections for microscopical examination, we often experience considerable difficulty in its investigation, not the smallest of which is encountered when we endeavour to follow the different nerve fibres and associate them with their proper nuclei. Sometimes this difficulty arises from several bundles of fibres connected with different nuclei running together, or occupying almost the same position and at other times from several nuclei connected with different groups of fibres being placed very close to each other, so that we may have in close proximity nuclei, or the fibres connected with nuclei, which differ greatly in function.

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