scholarly journals Chronic exposure to hypoxia attenuates renal injury and innate immunity activation in the remnant kidney model

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. F1285-F1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisienny Campoli Tono Rempel ◽  
Viviane Dias Faustino ◽  
Orestes Foresto-Neto ◽  
Camilla Fanelli ◽  
Simone Costa Alarcon Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Peritubular Capillary

Hypoxia is thought to influence the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease, but direct evidence that prolonged exposure to tissue hypoxia initiates or aggravates chronic kidney disease is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by chronically exposing normal rats and rats with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) to hypoxia. In addition, we investigated whether such effect of hypoxia would involve activation of innate immunity. Adult male Munich-Wistar rats underwent Nx ( n = 54) or sham surgery (sham; n = 52). Twenty-six sham rats and 26 Nx rats remained in normoxia, whereas 26 sham rats and 28 Nx rats were kept in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (12% O2) for 8 wk. Hypoxia was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for pimonidazole. Hypoxia was confined to the medullary area in sham + normoxia rats and spread to the cortical area in sham + hypoxia rats, without changing the peritubular capillary density. Exposure to hypoxia promoted no renal injury or elevation of the content of IL-1β or Toll-like receptor 4 in sham rats. In Nx, hypoxia also extended to the cortical area without ameliorating the peritubular capillary rarefaction but, unexpectedly, attenuated hypertension, inflammation, innate immunity activation, renal injury, and oxidative stress. The present study, in disagreement with current concepts, shows evidence that hypoxia exerts a renoprotective effect in the Nx model instead of acting as a factor of renal injury. The mechanisms for this unexpected beneficial effect are unclear and may involve NF-κB inhibition, amelioration of oxidative stress, and limitation of angiotensin II production by the renal tissue.

scholarly journals Nicorandil, a Katp channel opener, alleviates chronic renal injury by targeting podocytes and macrophages

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (3) ◽  
pp. F339-F349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifuru Tamura ◽  
Katsuyuki Tanabe ◽  
Wataru Kitagawa ◽  
Shunya Uchida ◽  
George F. Schreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Sulfonylurea Receptor ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Tubulointerstitial Injury

Nicorandil exhibits a protective effect in the vascular system, which is thought to be due to vasodilatation from opening ATP-dependent potassium channels and donation of nitric oxide. Recently, nicorandil was shown to be renoprotective in models of acute kidney injury and glomerulonephritis. However, the specific mechanisms of renoprotection are unclear. We evaluated the effect of nicorandil on the rat remnant kidney model of chronic kidney disease. Blood pressure was unchanged by a 10-wk course of nicorandil, while albuminuria was significantly reduced. Glomerular injury and tubulointerstitial injury were also ameliorated by nicorandil. Oxidative stress, as noted by renal nitrotyrosine level and urine 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, were elevated in this model and was significantly reduced by nicorandil treatment. Treatment was associated with maintenance of the mitochondrial antioxidant, manganese SOD, in podocytes and with suppression of xanthine oxidase expression in infiltrating macrophages. Interestingly, these two cell types express sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2), a binding site of nicorandil in the ATP-dependent K channel. Consistently, we found that stimulating SUR2 with nicorandil prevented angiotensin II-mediated upregulation of xanthine oxidase in the cultured macrophage, while xanthine oxidase expression was rather induced by blocking SUR2 with glibenclamide. In conclusion, nicorandil reduces albuminuria and ameliorates renal injury by blocking oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease.

scholarly journals Simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immunity participates in the development of renal injury in a model of heavy proteinuria

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Dias Faustino ◽  
Simone Costa Alarcon Arias ◽  
Victor Ferreira Ávila ◽  
Orestes Foresto-Neto ◽  
Fernanda Florencia Fregnan Zambom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Tubular Cells ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Simultaneous Activation

Protein overload of proximal tubular cells (PTCs) can promote interstitial injury by unclear mechanisms that may involve activation of innate immunity. We investigated whether prolonged exposure of tubular cells to high protein concentrations stimulates innate immunity, triggering progressive interstitial inflammation and renal injury, and whether specific inhibition of innate or adaptive immunity would provide renoprotection in an established model of massive proteinuria, adriamycin nephropathy (ADR). Adult male Munich–Wistar rats received a single dose of ADR (5 mg/kg, iv), being followed for 2, 4, or 20 weeks. Massive albuminuria was associated with early activation of both the NF-κB and NLRP3 innate immunity pathways, whose intensity correlated strongly with the density of lymphocyte infiltration. In addition, ADR rats exhibited clear signs of renal oxidative stress. Twenty weeks after ADR administration, marked interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, and renal functional loss were observed. Administration of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), 10 mg/kg/day, prevented activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, as well as renal oxidative stress and renal fibrosis. Moreover, MMF treatment was associated with shifting of M from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. In cultivated NRK52-E cells, excess albumin increased the protein content of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 (TLR4), NLRP3, MCP-1, IL6, IL-1β, Caspase-1, α-actin, and collagen-1. Silencing of TLR4 and/or NLRP3 mRNA abrogated this proinflammatory/profibrotic behavior. Simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immunity may be key to the development of renal injury in heavy proteinuric disease. Inhibition of specific components of innate and/or adaptive immunity may be the basis for future strategies to prevent chronic kidney disease (CKD) in this setting.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 2279-2289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Agarwal ◽  
Nina Vasavada ◽  
Nadine G. Sachs ◽  
Shawn Chase
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Intravenous Iron

scholarly journals Chronic Kidney Disease Influences Multiple Systems: Describing the Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Kidney Damage, and Concomitant Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Tucker ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Vincent J. Dalbo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Concomitant Disease ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Molecular Components

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation promote renal injury via damage to molecular components of the kidney. Unfortunately, relationships between inflammation and oxidative stress are cyclical in that the inflammatory processes that exist to repair radical-mediated damage may be a source of additional free radicals, resulting in further damage to renal tissue. Oxidative stress and inflammation also have the ability to become systemic, serving to injure tissues distal to the site of original insult. This review describes select mediators in the exacerbatory relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and CKD. This review also discusses oxidative stress, inflammation, and CKD as they pertain to the development and progression of common CKD-associated comorbidities. Lastly, the utility of several widely accessible and cost-effective lifestyle interventions and their ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided.

NF-κB blockade during short-term l-NAME and salt overload strongly attenuates the late development of chronic kidney disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. F215-F228
Author(s):  
Karin Carneiro Oliveira ◽  
Fernanda Florencia Fregnan Zambom ◽  
Amanda Helen Albino ◽  
Simone Costa Alarcon Arias ◽  
Victor Ferreira Ávila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Renal Inflammation ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) plus a high-salt diet (HS) is a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by marked hypertension and renal injury. With cessation of treatment, most of these changes subside, but progressive renal injury develops, associated with persistent low-grade renal inflammation. We investigated whether innate immunity, and in particular the NF-κB system, is involved in this process. Male Munich-Wistar rats received HS + l-NAME (32 mg·kg−1·day−1), whereas control rats received HS only. Treatment was ceased after week 4 when 30 rats were studied. Additional rats were studied at week 8 ( n = 30) and week 28 ( n = 30). As expected, HS + l-NAME promoted severe hypertension, albuminuria, and renal injury after 4 wk of treatment, whereas innate immunity activation was evident. After discontinuation of treatments, partial regression of renal injury and inflammation occurred, along with persistence of innate immunity activation at week 8. At week 28, glomerular injury worsened, while renal inflammation persisted and renal innate immunity remained activated. Temporary administration of the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, in concomitancy with the early 4-wk HS + l-NAME treatment, prevented the development of late renal injury and inflammation, an effect that lasted until the end of the study. Early activation of innate immunity may be crucial to the initiation of renal injury in the HS + l-NAME model and to the autonomous progression of chronic nephropathy even after cessation of the original insult. This behavior may be common to other conditions leading to CKD.

Does Vitamin K Intake Influence High Phosphate Induced Vascular Pseudo-ossification: An Underappreciated Therapeutic Prospect in General Population?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Zar Chi Thent ◽  
Gabriele R.A. Froemming ◽  
Suhaila Abd Muid
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Vascular Complication ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
High Phosphate

Increasing interest in vascular pseudo-ossification has alarmed the modern atherosclerotic society. High phosphate is one of the key factors in vascular pseudo ossification, also known as vascular calcification. The active process of deposition of the phosphate crystals in vascular tissues results in arterial stiffness. High phosphate condition is mainly observed in chronic kidney disease patients. However, prolonged exposure with high phosphate enriched foods such as canned drinks, dietary foods, etc. can be considered as modifiable risk factors for vascular complication in a population regardless of chronic kidney disease. High intake of vitamin K regulates the vascular calcification by exerting its anti-calcification effect. The changes in serum phosphate and vitamin K levels in a normal individual with high phosphate intake are not well investigated. This review summarised the underlying mechanisms of high phosphate induced vascular pseudo ossification such as vascular transdifferentiation, vascular apoptosis and phosphate uptake by sodium-dependent co-transporters. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar were searched using the terms ‘vitamin K’, ‘vascular calcification, ‘phosphate’, ‘transdifferentiation’ and ‘vascular pseudoossification’. Vitamin K certainly activates the matrix GIA protein and inhibits vascular transition and apoptosis in vascular pseudo-ossification. The present view highlighted the possible therapeutic linkage between vitamin K and the disease. Understanding the role of vitamin K will be considered as potent prophylaxis agent against the vascular disease in near future.

scholarly journals Altered Emotional Phenotypes in Chronic Kidney Disease Following 5/6 Nephrectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Yeon Hee Yu ◽  
Seong-Wook Kim ◽  
Dae-Kyoon Park ◽  
Ho-Yeon Song ◽  
Duk-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Rat Models

Increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and neurological disorders including cerebrovascular disease, cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and dysfunction of central nervous system have been reported during the natural history of CKD. Psychological distress and depression are serious concerns in patients with CKD. However, the relevance of CKD due to decline in renal function and the pathophysiology of emotional deterioration is not clear. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham control, 5/6 nephrectomy at 4 weeks, and 5/6 nephrectomy at 10 weeks. Behavior tests, local field potentials, and histology and laboratory tests were conducted and investigated. We provided direct evidence showing that CKD rat models exhibited anxiogenic behaviors and depression-like phenotypes, along with altered hippocampal neural oscillations at 1–12 Hz. We generated CKD rat models by performing 5/6 nephrectomy, and identified higher level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in CKD rats than in wild-type, depending on time. In addition, the level of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I for renal tissue was markedly elevated, with worsening fibrosis due to renal failures. The level of anxiety and depression-like behaviors increased in the 10-week CKD rat models compared with the 4-week rat models. In the recording of local field potentials, the power of delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), and alpha rhythm (7–12 Hz) was significantly increased in the hippocampus of CKD rats compared with wild-type rats. Together, our findings indicated that anxiogenic behaviors and depression can be induced by CKD, and these abnormal symptoms can be worsened as the onset of CKD was prolonged. In conclusion, our results show that the hippocampus is vulnerable to uremia.

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