Effect of age and training on aerobic capacity and body composition of master athletes

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 725-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Pollock ◽  
C. Foster ◽  
D. Knapp ◽  
J. L. Rod ◽  
D. H. Schmidt

Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and body composition have been shown to deteriorate with age. How much of the decline is attributable to aging and how much is affected by reduced physical activity is not known. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the aerobic capacity and body composition of 24 master track athletes and to evaluate the relationship to age and maintenance of training over a 10-yr period. The subjects (50–82 yr of age) were retested after a 10.1-yr follow-up (T2). All continued their aerobic training, but only 11 were still highly competitive (COMP) and continued to train at the same intensity. The other 13 athletes studied became noncompetitive (post-COMP) and reduced their training intensity. The results showed the COMP group to maintain its VO2max and maximum O2 pulse while the post-COMP group showed a significant decline (54.2–53.3 vs. 52.5–45.9 ml X kg-1 X min-1; 20.7–20.8 vs. 22.4–20.0 ml/beat from test one (T1) to T2 for the COMP vs. post-COMP groups, respectively). Maximum heart rate declined 7 beats/min for both groups. Body composition showed no difference between groups from T1 to T2. For both groups body weight declined slightly (70.0–68.9 kg), percent fat increased significantly (13.1–15.1%), and fat-free weight decreased significantly (61.0–59.0 kg). Thus, when training was maintained, aerobic capacity remained unchanged over the follow-up period. Body composition changed for both groups and may have been related to aging and/or the type of training performed.

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. DuRant ◽  
William O. Thompson ◽  
Maribeth Johnson ◽  
Tom Baranowski

This follow-up investigation examined the relationship among observed time of television watching, physical activity, and body composition in 5- to 6-year-old children previously studied 2 years ago. Activity level on school and nonschool days was measured with the Children’s Activity Rating Scale. Television watching time was assessed by direct observation, and body composition was measured with the body mass index, skinfold thicknesses, and waist/hip ratio. Television watching behavior, which increased from the earlier study, was not associated with body composition. Physical activity was lower during television watching than nontelevision watching time.


2009 ◽  
Vol 64A (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McGavock ◽  
J. L. Hastings ◽  
P. G. Snell ◽  
D. K. McGuire ◽  
E. L. Pacini ◽  
...  

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 2195-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rogers ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
W. H. Martin ◽  
A. A. Ehsani ◽  
J. O. Holloszy

Fifteen well-trained master endurance athletes [62.0 +/- 2.3 (SE) yr] and 14 sedentary control subjects (61.4 +/- 1.4 yr) were reevaluated after an average follow-up period of approximately 8 yr to obtain information regarding the effects of physical activity on the age-related decline in maximal O2 uptake capacity (VO2max). The master athletes had been training for 10.2 +/- 2.9 yr before initial testing and continued to train during the follow-up period. The sedentary subjects' VO2max declined by an average of 3.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 (33.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 1.6, P less than 0.001) over the course of the study, a decline of 12% per decade. In these subjects maximal heart rate declined 8 beats/min (171 vs. 163) and maximal O2 pulse decreased from 0.20 to 0.18 ml.kg-1.beat (P less than 0.05). The master athletes' VO2 max decreased by an average of 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (54.0 +/- 1.7 vs. 51.8 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.05), a 5.5% decline per decade. The master athletes' maximal heart rate was unchanged (171 +/- 3 beats/min) and their maximal O2 pulse decreased from 0.32 to 0.30 ml.kg-1.beat (P less than 0.05). These findings provide evidence that the age-related decrease in VO2max of master athletes who continue to engage in regular vigorous endurance exercise training is approximately one-half the rate of decline seen in age-matched sedentary subjects. Furthermore our results suggest that endurance exercise training may reduce the rate of decline in maximal heart rate that typically occurs as an individual ages.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3438-3440
Author(s):  
Duygu Sevinç Yilmaz ◽  
Burakhan Aydemir

Background: Taekwondo (TKD) is a combat sport practiced by millions of children, young people and adults around the world.1 It is an Olympic sports branch with many complex features and constant interaction between two opponents in the competitions, where attack-contact techniques are applied quickly, attacking techniques are strong2,3 but also have good flexibility. Aim: This study has been carried out to identify the relationship between body composition of taekwondo practitioners aged 14-16 who regularly practice taekwondo, and their aerobic endurance. Methods: A total of 33 registered taekwondo practitioners (17 male, 16 female) participated to this study on a voluntary basis. The age, height, weight, and body mass index of all the athletes who took part in the study are 14.96±0.80 years, 162.59±11.59 cm, 50.97±7.51 kg and 19.14±2.39 kg/m² respectively. The group who participated to the study practice taekwondo two days a week, for 2 hours each, for a period of 1.5 years. The aerobic endurance of taekwondo athletes was measured by 20-meter-long Shuttle Run Test. In order to measure the body composition values of the athletes, measurements of skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapula, subrailiac) were carried out. In calculating the body density, the formula of Durning-Womersley was used; and in calculating the body fat percentage, the formula of Siri was employed. Data was evaluated by SPSS 22.0. The normality distribution of the data obtained at the end of the study was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and it was observed that the data was in line with normal distribution. Following the normalcy assessment, the relationship between body compositions and aerobic endurances was determined by Pearson Correlation analysis. Results: It is possible to say that the body composition values of taekwondo practitioners aged 14-16 have positive and negative impact on their aerobic endurance. It is observed that as the values 20-meter Shuttle Run test increases, fat percentage of athletes decreases. Conclusion: It is concluded that the findings obtained from the research results support the literature, and that body composition and aerobic capacity are important as performance criteria in many studies. It is thought that it may be beneficial for the athletes to perform aerobic endurance exercises during the annual training periods to perform the necessary practices to optimize their body composition and improve their aerobic capacity. Keywords: Taekwondo, Body Composition, Aerobic Endurance


1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Pollock ◽  
C. Foster ◽  
J. Rod ◽  
J. Hare ◽  
D. H. Schmidt

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110506
Author(s):  
Daniel das Virgens Chagas ◽  
Blena Marinho

In this study, we investigated the relationship between motor competence (MC) and behavioral and health outcomes in youth through its relationship to physical activity (PA) and body composition (in terms of body fat). To date, it is unclear whether these variables reciprocally influence each other over time. We assessed whether and how MC, PA and body composition influence each other across adolescence. In a longitudinal study with 14 months of follow-up, we recruited 166 adolescents aged 12–13 years. We recorded participants’ self-reported PA and body fat percentage and assessed their MC using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK). We used linear mixed models and mediation analyses with crude and adjusted (age, sex, time point) models to examine associations among the selected variables across time. MC showed a bidirectional relationship with both PA ( p < .001) and body fat ( p < .001) in both crude and adjusted models. In addition, MC was a potential mediator (Sobel test = –3.18, p < .001) in the relation between body fat (as predictor) and PA (as outcome) in crude models, but no mediating effect was found in adjusted models. Thus, this study provided longitudinal evidence that MC and PA, as well as MC and body composition, can reciprocally influence each other across adolescence. We recommend the development of MC as a crucial strategy to increase PA engagement and to prevent obesity in youth.


1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1508-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Pollock ◽  
Larry J. Mengelkoch ◽  
James E. Graves ◽  
David T. Lowenthal ◽  
Marian C. Limacher ◽  
...  

Pollock, Michael L., Larry J. Mengelkoch, James E. Graves, David T. Lowenthal, Marian C. Limacher, Carl Foster, and Jack H. Wilmore. Twenty-year follow-up of aerobic power and body composition of older track athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5): 1508–1516, 1997.—The purpose was to determine the aerobic power (maximal oxygen uptake) and body composition of older track athletes after a 20-yr follow-up (T3). At 20 yr, 21 subjects [mean ages: 50.5 ± 8.5 yr at initial evaluation (T1), 60.2 ± 8.8 yr at 10-yr follow-up (T2), and 70.4 ± 8.8 yr at 20-yr follow-up (T3)] were divided into three intensity groups: high (H; remained elite; n = 9); moderate (M; continued frequent moderate-to-rigorous endurance training; n = 10); and low (L; greatly reduced training; n = 2). All groups decreased in maximal oxygen uptake at each testing point (H, 8 and 15%; M, 13 and 14%; and L, 18 and 34% from T1 to T2 and T2 to T3, respectively). Maximal heart rate showed a linear decrease of ∼5–7 beats ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1 and was independent of training status. Body weight remained stable for the H and M groups and percent fat increased ∼2–2.5%/decade. Although fat-free weight decreased at each testing point, there was a trend for those who began weight-training exercise to better maintain it. Cross-sectional analysis at T3 showed that leg strength and bone mineral density were generally maintained from age 60 to 89 yr. Those who performed weight training had a greater arm region bone mineral density than those who did not. These longitudinal data show that the physiological capacities of older athletes are reduced despite continued vigorous endurance exercise over a 20-yr period (∼8–15%/decade). Changes in body composition appeared to be less than those shown for the healthy sedentary population and were related to changes in training habits.


2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lama Mattar ◽  
Nathalie Godart ◽  
Jean Claude Melchior ◽  
Claude Pichard

The psychiatric condition of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) is affected by their nutritional status. An optimal assessment of the nutritional status of patients is fundamental in understanding the relationship between malnutrition and the psychological symptoms. The present review evaluates some of the available methods for measuring body composition in patients with AN. We searched literature in Medline using several key terms relevant to the present review in order to identify papers. Only articles in English or French were reviewed. A brief description is provided for each body composition technique, with its applicability in AN as well as its limitation. All methods of measuring body composition are not yet validated and/or feasible in patients with AN. The present review article proposes a practical approach for selecting the most appropriate methods depending on the setting, (i.e. clinical v. research) and the goal of the assessment (initial v. follow-up) in order to have a more personalised treatment for patients suffering from AN.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3372
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kujawska ◽  
Sławomir Kujawski ◽  
Weronika Hajec ◽  
Natalia Skierkowska ◽  
Małgorzata Kwiatkowska ◽  
...  

This study examined the relationship between the frequency of coffee consumption and blood pressure over a two year follow up of a cohort of elderly people. Healthy, older people (N = 205) were examined at baseline and at two years. Participants completed physical and behavioural assessments, which included body composition, current pharmacological treatment, and frequency of coffee consumption grouped into three categories: “never to a few times per month”, “once a week to a few times per week”, and “every day”. Blood pressure (systolic (sBP), diastolic (dBP), mean (mBP), and pulse pressure (PP)) was measured at baseline and after two years. After adjusting for body composition, smoking status, age, sex, heart rate, and number of antihypertensive agents taken, participants who drank coffee everyday had a significant increase in sBP, with a mean of 8.63 (1.27; 15.77) and an mBP, with a mean of 5.55 mmHg (0.52; 10.37) after two years (t = 2.37, p = 0.02 and t = 2.17, p = 0.03, respectively) compared to participants who never or very rarely (up to a few times per month) drank coffee. DBP and PP were not affected by coffee consumption frequency in a statistically significant manner.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmania Nader Wambes ◽  
Mega Hidayati ◽  
Aris Fauzan

Abstract: Domestic violence (Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga) is understood as violence related to gender. This concept refers to the subordinative position because the relationship between men and women reflects powerless and powerful or the inequality of power between the two. This paper aims to understand how the Nuurus Sakiinah Bureau owned by 'Aisyiyah and Nasyi'atul' Aisyiyah Yogyakarta Special Region handles domestic violence cases in Yogyakarta and analyze the weaknesses and strengths of handling these cases. This type of research is qualitative with interview data collection methods and secondary data documentation. The findings of this study explain that there are four types of domestic violence cases that have been handled by the Nuurus Sakiinnah Family Consultation Bureau, namely psychological violence, economic neglect; physical and verbal abuse. Therefore, the handling given varies according to the case that occurs. For cases of Psychic violence, the Bureau tends to provide counseling and self-reinforcement. For cases of economic neglect, the Bureau deals with economic independence counseling and training. For cases of Physical and Verbal violence, counseling and self-strengthening are usually given to face the next life and therapy if needed. Meanwhile, the absence of open houses, difficulties in mediation, and the absence of complete counseling data to support administration are the weaknesses of this bureau. However, this Bureau makes victims who have successfully passed the treatment process as volunteers to deal with other victims and also provides spiritual counseling, legal assistance and follow-up therapy when the victim is still in need.Keywords: Domestic Violence, ‘Aisyiyah Nasyi’atul, ‘Aisyiyah, Nuurus Saqinnah Bureau. Abstrak: Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) dipahami sebagai kekerasan yang berhubungan gender. Konsep ini mengacu pada posisi subordinatif karena relasi antara laki-laki dan perempuan mencerminkan powerless dan powerful atau ketimpangan kekuasaan antara keduanya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana Biro Nuurus Sakiinah milik ‘Aisyiyah dan Nasyi’atul ‘Aisyiyah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta menangani kasus KDRT di Yogyakarta serta menganalisa kelemahan dan kelebihan dari penanganan kasus tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan metode pengambilan data wawancara dan data sekunder dokumentasi. Temuan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa terdapat empat jenis kasus KDRT yang telah ditangani oleh Biro Konsultasi Keluarga Nuurus Sakiinnah, yaitu kekerasan Psikis, penelantaran ekonomi; kekerasan fisik dan kekerasan verbal. Oleh karena itu, penanganan yang diberikan berbeda-beda sesuai dengan  kasus yang terjadi. Untuk kasus kekerasan Psikis, Biro cenderung memberikan konseling dan penguatan diri. Untuk kasus penelantaran ekonomi, Biro menangani dengan konseling dan pelatihan kemandirian ekonomi. Untuk kasus kekerasan Fisik dan Verbal biasanya diberikan konseling dan penguatan diri untuk menghadapi kehidupan selanjutnya serta pemberian terapi jika diperlukan. Sementara itu belum adanya rumah singgah, kesulitan dalam mediasi, serta belum adanya kelengkapan data konseling untuk menunjang administrasi menjadi kelemahan biro ini. Namun, Biro ini menjadikan korban yang telah berhasil melewati proses penanganan sebagai volunteer untuk menangani korban yang lain dan juga pemberian konseling spiritual, pendampingan ke jalur hukum dan terapi lanjutan ketika korban masih membutuhkan.Kata Kunci: KDRT, ‘Aisyiyah, Nasyi’atul ‘Aisyiyah, Biro Nuurus Sakiinah


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