Regional variation in canine diaphragm thickness

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2663-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Margulies
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Diaphragm Thickness ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Pressure Generator ◽  
Crural Diaphragm ◽  
The Relationship

To quantify the relationship between both regional and overall diaphragm morphometry and body weight in the dog, diaphragm thickness was measured in five regions of the costal diaphragm and three regions of the crural diaphragm in 40 healthy dogs (8-40 kg). Surface area of the diaphragm, diaphragm weight, and body weight were also determined. Diaphragm surface area and weight varied linearly with body weight, but there was no significant correlation between overall diaphragm thickness and body weight. Diaphragm thickness varied significantly between regions, and three regions had systematic left-to-right differences as well. Because diaphragm geometry influences the diaphragm's function as a pressure generator, regional differences in thickness may alter the relationship between the force developed by the activation of a particular region of the diaphragm and its action on the respiratory system.

Neighborhood Prison Admission Rates and the Sunbelt: Variation in Imprisonment, Concentrated Disadvantage, and Their Relationship Across the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-540
Author(s):  
Walter Campbell ◽  
Ari Lewenstein ◽  
Ryan Kling ◽  
Gerald Gaes
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentrated Disadvantage ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Prison Admission

Regional differences in the use of prison are, in part, due to cultures of punishment within Sunbelt states. To date, this has been largely studied at the state level, ignoring the smaller geographic areas in which the effects of imprisonment are deeply felt. We employ a novel data set to examine the relationship between prison and region and regional variation in the relationship between concentrated disadvantage and neighborhood imprisonment. We find that region affects neighborhood prison admission rates in unexpected ways, and that the relationship between concentrated disadvantage and prison admissions varies in magnitude by region. We discuss the implications of these findings for better understanding the impact of region and the processes that lead to imprisonment.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption and Cell Size. A Comparison of the Rate of Oxygen Consumption of Diploid and Triploid Prepupae of Drosophila Melanogaster Meigen

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The oxygen consumption and surface area of individual diploid and triploid prepupae of Drosophila melanogaster have been measured, the cells of triploid animals being larger. 2. The mean weights for the types examined are different but their ranges overlap almost completely. By covariance analysis it is shown that, after adjustment for difference in body size, there are no differences in the rates of oxygen consumption. It is concluded that, for these animals, cell size has no influence on the rate of oxygen consumption. 3. The relationships between body weight, surface area, and oxygen consumption have been further investigated. It is shown that, despite the greater inaccuracy of the method by which surface area is determined, oxygen consumption can be predicted more accurately from surface area than from body weight. 4. The results are discussed in relation to an earlier investigation of the oxygen consumption of other genotypes (Ellenby, 1945 a, b). Possible technical causes of certain differences between the two series of results in the relationship of oxygen consumption and body weight are explored; it is concluded, however, that they are almost certainly due to differences, not necessarily genetical, between the animals used in the two series.

scholarly journals Postinspiratory activity of the parasternal and external intercostal muscles in awake canines

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1097-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Easton ◽  
Harvey G. Hawes ◽  
Bruce Rothwell ◽  
Andre de Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindle ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
Lateral Decubitus ◽  
Crural Diaphragm ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have shown in awake dogs that activity in the crural diaphragm, but not in the costal diaphragm, usually persists after the end of inspiratory airflow. It has been suggested that this difference in postinspiratory activity results from greater muscle spindle content in the crural diaphragm. To evaluate the relationship between muscle spindles and postinspiratory activity, we have studied the pattern of activation of the parasternal and external intercostal muscles in the second to fourth interspaces in eight chronically implanted animals. Recordings were made on 2 or 3 successive days with the animals breathing quietly in the lateral decubitus position. The two muscles discharged in phase with inspiration, but parasternal intercostal activity usually terminated with the cessation of inspiratory flow, whereas external intercostal activity persisted for 24.7 ± 12.3% of inspiratory time ( P < 0.05). Forelimb elevation in six animals did not affect postinspiratory activity in the parasternal but prolonged postinspiratory activity in the external intercostal to 45.4 ± 16.3% of inspiratory time ( P < 0.05); in two animals, activity was still present at the onset of the next inspiratory burst. These observations support the concept that muscle spindles are an important determinant of postinspiratory activity. The absence of such activity in the parasternal intercostals and costal diaphragm also suggests that the mechanical impact of postinspiratory activity on the respiratory system is smaller than conventionally thought.

Oxygen Consumption of Prepupae of Drosophila Melanogaster Meigen, in Relation to the Surface Area of the Puparium

1945 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

1. A method is described by means of which the surface area of puparia of Drosophila melanogaster may be measured. 2. Measurement of almost 200 puparia showed that the relationship between surface area, per mg., and body weight could best be expressed in the form of the equation S=7.7049-2.1099X, where S=surface area, sq. mm. per mg. wet weight, for prepupae of mean wet weight X mg. As the standard error of estimate, ±0.117, is equal to only 2.2% of the mean surface area per mg., the surface area can be accurately estimated from the wet weight. 3. The prepupal oxygen consumption, per mg. wet weight, is shown to decrease steadily with increasing body weight; with an increase in mean wet weight from 0.847 to 1.700 mg., the oxygen consumption, per mg., decreases by about 50%. 4. Utilizing the above regression equation, the surface area of prepupae of known oxygen consumption was estimated and thus the oxygen consumption per sq. mm. of body surface. These values show no significant variation with increasing body weight, so that it can be concluded that the oxygen consumption of prepupae of D. melanogaster is proportional to the surface area.

scholarly journals Dural sac localization using myelography and its application to the lumbosacral epidural in dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Ana Zapata ◽  
Carlos Ros ◽  
Elena Ríos Álvarez ◽  
Myriam Martin ◽  
Alejandra García De Carellán Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Epidural Space ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Epidural Injection ◽  
Dural Sac ◽  
Needle Position ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The techniques described for the identification of the lumbosacral (LS) epidural space in dogs do not guarantee the needle position or an accidental subarachnoid puncture, especially in small size dogs.Aim: To determine the relationship between body weight and the location of the dural sac (DS) using myelography in dogs, and to determine the possibility of subarachnoid puncture during LS epidural based on the position of the DS.Methods: Four masked observers evaluated 70 myelographic studies of dogs, annotating the vertebrae where the DS ended, if it was localized before or after the LS space, and if accidental subarachnoid puncture during LS epidural injection was possible (yes/no). Body weight (kg) was categorized into: less than 10 kg, between 10 and 20 kg, and more than 20 kg and was also converted to body surface area (BSA) as a continuous variable.Results: The DS ended at the LS space or caudally in 50% of dogs. There was a statistically significant difference between the position of the DS and the dog’s BSA (p = 0.001). The DS ended caudal to the LS space in 72.7% of dogs weighing <10 kg, in 25% of dogs between 10 and 20 kg and in 15% of dogs in the >20 kg category. The observers considered a possible subarachnoid puncture during LS epidural in 69.7% of patients <10 kg, 16.6% on those between 10 and 20 kg, and in 11.7% of the dogs >20 kg.Conclusion: The DS ended caudal to the LS space in almost 3/4 dogs in the <10 kg category, so accidental subarachnoid puncture during LS epidural is highly possible in this weight range.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

The relationship between brain structure and general psychopathology in preadolescents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Mewton ◽  
Briana Lees ◽  
Lindsay Squeglia ◽  
Miriam K. Forbes ◽  
Matthew Sunderland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
The Relationship

Categorical mental disorders are being recognized as suboptimal targets in clinical neuroscience due to poor reliability as well as high rates of heterogeneity within, and comorbidity between, mental disorders. As an alternative to the case-control approach, recent studies have focused on the relationship between neurobiology and latent dimensions of psychopathology. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between brain structure and psychopathology in the critical preadolescent period when psychopathology is emerging. This study included baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (n = 11,721; age range = 9-10 years; male = 52.2%). General psychopathology, externalizing, internalizing, and thought disorder dimensions were based on a higher-order model of psychopathology and estimated using Bayesian plausible values. Outcome variables included global and regional cortical volume, thickness, and surface area. Higher levels of psychopathology across all dimensions were associated with lower volume and surface area globally, as well as widespread and pervasive alterations across the majority of cortical and subcortical regions studied, after adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education. The relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure were attenuated when adjusting for cognitive functioning. There was evidence of a relationship between externalizing psychopathology and frontal regions of the cortex that was independent of general psychopathology. The current study identified lower cortical volume and surface area as transdiagnostic biomarkers for general psychopathology in preadolescence. The widespread and pervasive relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure may reflect cognitive dysfunction that is a feature across a range of mental illnesses.

Population - an element of agricultural development in Serbia

Stanovnistvo ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 141-161
Author(s):  
Marina Todorovic ◽  
Gordana Vojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Agricultural Producer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The author begins by discussing the relationship between agriculture and population at a theoretical level, proceeds with a historical review of changes in the role and significance of an individual as agricultural producer, and finally, analyzes population as an element (potentials - limitations) of agricultural development in Serbia. The overall production results, and particularly the propensity to technical and technological innovation, as well as the ability to adapt to the changed conditions are, as we know well, crucially dependent on the structure of the working population. Hence, the author discusses regional differences in agricultural population by age, sex, level of education and productivity to provide a clear illustration of the impact of this element (indicator) on the population as the factor of agricultural production. The results show significant macroregional differences by this element with respect to the average for Serbia.

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