Impact of age on breathing and resistive pressure in people with and without sleep apnea

We investigated the effect of age on breathing and total pulmonary resistance (Rl) during sleep by studying elderly (>65 yr) and young (25–38 yr) people without sleep apnea (EN and YN, respectively) matched for body mass index (BMI). To determine the impact of sleep apnea on age-related changes in breathing, we studied elderly and young apneic patients (EA and YA, respectively) matched for apnea and BMI. In all groups ( n = 11), breathing during periods of stable sleep was analyzed to evaluate the intrinsic variability of respiratory control mechanisms. In the absence of sleep apnea, the variability of the breathing was similar in the elderly and young [mean (± SD) coefficient of variation (CV) of tidal volume (Vt); wake: EN 21.0 ± 14.9%, YN 14.7 ± 5.5%; sleep: EN 14.0 ± 6.0%; YN 11.5 ± 6.4%]. In patients with sleep apnea, breathing during stable sleep was more irregular, but there were no age-related differences (CV of Vt; wake: EA 22.0 ± 11.6%, YA 16.7 ± 11.3%; sleep: EA 32.8 ± 24.9%, YA 25.2 ± 16.3%). In addition, EN tended to have a higher Rl( n = 6, Rl midinspiration, wake: EN 7.1 ± 3.0; YN 9.1 ± 6.4 cmH2O · l−1 · s, sleep: EN 17.5 ± 11.7; YN 9.8 ± 2.0 cmH2O · l−1 · s). We conclude that aging per se does not contribute to the intrinsic variability of respiratory control mechanisms, although there may be a lower probability of finding elderly people without respiratory instability.

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Abstract T P136: Potential Contributors to the Declining Impact of Stroke Risk Factors with Age: Implications for Stroke Epidemiology in the Elderly

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.tp136 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

George Howard ◽

Mary Cushman ◽

Maciej Banach ◽

Brett M Kissela ◽

David C Goff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

The Elderly ◽

Stroke Risk Factors ◽

Age Related ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact ◽

Age Related Changes

Purpose: The importance of stroke research in the elderly is increasing as America is “graying.” For most risk factors for most diseases (including stroke), the magnitude of association with incident events decreases at older ages. Potential changes in the impact of risk factors could be a “true” effect, or could be due to methodological issues such as age-related changes in residual confounding. Methods: REGARDS followed 27,748 stroke-free participants age 45 and over for an average of 5.3 years, during which 715 incident strokes occurred. The association of the “Framingham” risk factors (hypertension [HTN], diabetes, smoking, AFib, LVH and heart disease) with incident stroke risk was assessed in age strata of 45-64 (Young), 65-74 (Middle), and 75+ (Old). For those with and without an “index” risk factor (e.g., HTN), the average number of “other” risk factors was calculated. Results: With the exception of AFib, there was a monotonic decrease in the magnitude of the impact across the age strata, with HTN, diabetes, smoking and LVH even becoming non-significant in the elderly (Figure 1). However, for most factors, the increasing prevalence of other risk factors with age impacts primarily those with the index risk factor absent (Figure 2, example HTN as the “index” risk factor). Discussion: The impact of stroke risk factors substantially declined at older ages. However, this decrease is partially attributable to increases in the prevalence of other risk factors among those without the index risk factor, as there was little change in the prevalence of other risk factors in those with the index risk factor. Hence, the impact of the index risk factor is attenuated by increased risk in the comparison group. If this phenomenon is active with latent risk factors, estimates from multivariable analysis will also decrease with age. A deeper understanding of age-related changes in the impact of risk factors is needed.

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A cross-sectional study on interference control: age affects reactive control but not proactive control

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.8365 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e8365 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yanfang Peng ◽

Qin Zhu ◽

Biye Wang ◽

Jie Ren

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Middle Age ◽

The Elderly ◽

Efficiency Score ◽

Interference Control ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age Related ◽

The Difference ◽

The Impact

Background Working memory updating (WMU), a controlled process to continuously adapt to the changing task demand and environment, is crucial for cognitive executive function. Although previous studies have shown that the elderly were more susceptible to cognitive interference than the youngsters, the picture of age-related deterioration of WMU is incomplete due to lack of study on people at their middle ages. Thus, the present study investigated the impact of age on the WMU among adults by a cross-sectional design to verify whether inefficiency interference control accounts for the aging of WMU. Methods In total, 112 healthy adults were recruited for this study; 28 old adults (21 female) ranging from 60 to 78 years of age; 28 middle-age adults (25 female) ranging from 45 to 59 years of age; 28 adults (11 female) ranging from 26 to 44 years of age; and 28 young adults (26 female) ranging from 18 to 25 years of age. Each participant completed a 1-back task. The inverse efficiency score was calculated in various sequences of three trials in a row to quantify the performance of WMU for adults of various ages. Results Inverse efficiency score of both young groups (young adult and adult) were significantly shorter than the old group in both Repeat-Alternate (RA, including □□○ and ○○□) and Alternate-Alternate (AA, including ○□○ and □○□) sequential patterns and they were additionally better than the middle-age group in AA sequential pattern. Conclusion With the increase of difficulty in the task, the difference in reactive interference control between young and middle age was gradually revealed, while the difference between young and old remained to apparent. The degradation of WMU aging may begin from middle-age and presents selective impairment in that only reactive interference control, but not proactive interference control, shows pronounced age-related decline. The preliminary results can inform future studies to further explore the whole lifespan trajectories of cognitive functions.

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Impact of Tuberculosis in Elderly Population

Handbook of Research on Geriatric Health, Treatment, and Care - Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3480-8.ch018 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 326-338

Author(s):

Gagan Chooramani ◽

Pooja Singh

Keyword(s):

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Elderly Population ◽

The Elderly ◽

World Health ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

Disease Outcomes ◽

Age Related ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact ◽

Poor Memory

The World Health Organization has declared that the spread of tuberculosis is a global emergency. Despite the implementation of strong tuberculosis-control initiatives by WHO, this highly infectious disease continues to affect all vulnerable populations, including the elderly population. Adverse social factors and poor living conditions also affect the elderly much more than the young. The clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in older adults can be unusual and may be confused with age-related illnesses. Various factors related to old age can also cause complications in the diagnosis, treatment, and disease outcomes for tuberculosis patients. The contributory factors may be poor memory, deafness, mental confusion, or impairment of speech. In addition, therapy for tuberculosis in elderly individuals is challenging because of the increased incidence of adverse drug reactions. Hence, understanding the impact of these substantial aspects will help to overcome the problem of tuberculosis in the elderly population.

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Assessment of Cognitively Stimulating Activity in a Spanish Population

Assessment ◽

10.1177/1073191118774620 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 1310-1319 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manuel Morales Ortiz ◽

Aaron Fernández

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Older Persons ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Well Being ◽

The Elderly ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Active Ageing ◽

Age Related ◽

Effect Of Age

Theoretical models of active ageing and cognitive reserve emphasize the importance of leading an active life to delay age-related cognitive deterioration and maintain good levels of well-being and personal satisfaction in the elderly. The objective of this research was to construct a scale to measure cognitively stimulating activities (CSA) in the Spanish language. The sample consisted of a total of 453 older persons. The scale was constructed from a list of 28 items and validated using structural equation models. The scale obtained showed a negative correlation with age and a positive correlation with education and physical activity. Using hierarchical regression models, CSAs were found to have a significant effect on attention when controlling for the effect of age and education. Likewise, a significant interaction between age and CSA was found on the measure of episodic memory. The validated CSA scale will enable the relationships between changes in cognitive functions and stimulating activities to be studied.

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Conclusion

10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0012 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Maria A. Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Substance Use ◽

The Elderly ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Individual Therapy ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Prescribing Practices ◽

Elderly Age ◽

Age Related ◽

The Impact

Addiction in older adults very often goes unrecognized, for several reasons: social biases about the elderly, age-related metabolic changes, and the inappropriate use of prescription benzodiazepines and opioids to address untreated anxiety and mood conditions. Alcohol or substance-use disorders (SUDs) in older individuals may present in subtle and atypical ways. Strategies to overcome such difficulties include systematic screening using validated instruments, patient education regarding the impact of psychoactive substances on health, and cautious prescribing practices. Relying on standard DSM criteria may result in a failure to detect an SUD that presents with cognitive symptoms or physical injury, as well as the absence of work or social consequences. Older individuals can benefit from the application of risk-stratification measures, and they can be referred, e.g., to age-appropriate group therapy and non-confrontational individual therapy focusing on late-life issues of loss and sources of social support, as well as be offered medication management for alcohol or substance use disorder. Although research has been limited in this population, treatment outcomes have been found to be superior in older adults than younger adults.

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TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE-RELATED DECLINE IN PHYSICAL FUNCTION.

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.3199 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S872-S872

Author(s):

Ted G Graber ◽

Rosario Marota ◽

Jill Thompson ◽

Steve Widen ◽

Blake Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Physical Function ◽

Wheel Running ◽

Functional Decline ◽

The Elderly ◽

Running Activity ◽

Age Related ◽

Ongoing Work ◽

Wheel Running Activity ◽

Effect Of Age

Abstract One inevitable consequence of the effect of age on our bodies is the graduated deterioration of physical function and exercise capacity, driven, in part by the adverse effect of age on muscle tissue. Our primary purpose was to determine the relationship between patterns of gene expression in skeletal muscle and loss of physical function. We hypothesized that some genes that change expression with age would correlate with functional decline, or conversely with preservation of function. Male C57Bl/6 mice [adults (6-7 months old, n=9), older (24-25 months old, n=9), and elderly (28+ months of age, n=9) were tested for physical ability using a comprehensive functional assessment battery [CFAB, a composite scoring system: comprised of the rotarod (overall motor function), grip strength (fore-limb strength), inverted cling (4-limb strength/endurance), voluntary wheel running (activity rate/volitional exercise), and treadmill tests (endurance)]. We extracted RNA from the tibialis anterior muscles, ran RNAseq to examine the transcriptome using an Illumina NextSeq 550, comparing adults (n=7) to older (n=7) and elderly mice (n=9). Age resulted in gene expression differences of 1.5 log2 fold change or greater (p<0.01) in 46 genes in the older mice and in 252 genes in the elderly (both compared to adults). Current ongoing work is examining the physiological relevance of these genes to age-related loss of physical function. We are in the process of using linear regression to determine which of the genes with age-related changes in expression are associated (R>0.5 and p<0.05) with functional status as measured by CFAB.

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Age-related changes in plasma lycopene concentrations, but not in vitamin E, are associated with fat mass

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500002063 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (5) ◽

pp. 711-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Pascal Grolier ◽

Yves Boirie ◽

Evelyne Levadoux ◽

Marion Brandolini ◽

Patrick Borel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Age Groups ◽

The Elderly ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Tocopherol Concentration ◽

Age Related ◽

Effect Of Age

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of age on plasma concentration of α-tocopherol, retinol and carotenoids with a special attention paid to natural differences in body composition. Forty healthy subjects were recruited: twenty were less than 35 years old and twenty above 60 years old. Males and females were equally represented in each age group. Subjects were kept in energy balance and received controlled diets for 36 h. Fat mass and fat-free mass were determined with the180-enriched water dilution technique. Plasma vitamins A and E, and carotenoid levels were determined after 12 h fasting and were shown to be similar in women and men. Plasma α-tocopherol concentration increased with age (+44 % elderlyv.young), and correlated with % fat mass and plasma cholesterol. After adjustment for plasma cholesterol, the effect of age and % fat mass disappeared. In contrast, plasma lycopene level was 2-fold lower in the elderly than in the young group, and was inversely correlated with fat mass. When lycopene values were adjusted for fat mass, the effect of age disappeared. These results suggest that plasma levels of vitamin E and lycopene differed in the two age groups and that differences in plasma cholesterol and fat mass might participate in such an effect. Short-term vitamin intake did not appear to influence plasma vitamin concentrations.

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Age-Related Diseases and Driving Safety

Geriatrics ◽

10.3390/geriatrics5040080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

Michael Falkenstein ◽

Melanie Karthaus ◽

Ute Brüne-Cohrs

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cognitive Disorder ◽

Driving Safety ◽

Elderly Drivers ◽

Age Related ◽

Independent Life ◽

Driving Fitness ◽

The Impact

Due to demographic changes, the number of older drivers is steadily increasing. Mobility is highly relevant for leading an independent life in the elderly. It largely depends on car driving, which is a complex task requiring a multitude of cognitive and motor skills vulnerable to age- related functional deterioration. The almost inevitable effects of senescence may be potentiated by age-related diseases, such as stroke or diabetes mellitus. Respective pharmacological treatment may cause side effects, additionally affecting driving safety. The present article reviews the impact of age-related diseases and drug treatment of these conditions on driving fitness in elderly drivers. In essence, we focus on diseases of the visual and auditory systems, diseases of the central nervous system (i.e., stroke, depression, dementia and mild cognitive disorder, and Parkinson’s disease), sleep disorders, as well as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal disorders, and frailty. We will outline the role of functional tests and the assessment of driving behavior (by a driving simulator or in real traffic), as well as the clinical interview including questions about frequency of (near) accidents, etc. in the evaluation of driving fitness of the elderly. We also address the impact of polypharmacy on driving fitness and end up with recommendations for physicians caring for older patients.

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Pharmacologic Considerations in the Elderly Surgical Patient

DeckerMed Surgery ◽

10.2310/surg.2193 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Linda Sohn ◽

Joe C. Hong ◽

Michael W. Yeh ◽

Tara A. Russell ◽

Marcia M. Russell

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Postoperative Delirium ◽

Medication Management ◽

The Elderly ◽

The United States ◽

Surgical Patient ◽

Age Related ◽

The Impact ◽

Preoperative Medication

The most rapidly growing segment of the elderly population corresponds to persons age 85 and over. As of 2006, elderly patients accounted for 35.3% of the inpatient and 32.1% of the outpatient surgical procedures occurring in the United States. Because age-related changes occur in each organ system in all elderly individuals, this population merits special consideration when undergoing surgical procedures. Furthermore, there is a high probability that older adults will have multiple chronic medical problems, which may present a complex medication management challenge. This review covers the pharmacologic impact of physiologic changes associated with aging, preoperative assessment, preoperative medication management, delirium and the impact of perioperative medications in the elderly, anesthesia and related medications, and specific drug classes and their use in the elderly surgical patient. Figures show an overview of the management of the elderly surgical patient, and preoperative medication management. Tables list medications that should be avoided in older patients with reduced renal function, drugs that exhibit additive adverse effects, medications with high anticholinergic activity, medications that inhibit and induce the CYP450 system, herbal supplements, 2015 Beers Criteria summary of potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults, drugs associated with postoperative delirium, risk factors for postoperative delirium, and clinical pharmacology of commonly used anesthetic agents. This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, and 61 references

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Effect of age on susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in C57BL/6 mice

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.013250-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (12) ◽

pp. 1559-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Zhihong Ren ◽

Raina Gay ◽

Adam Thomas ◽

Munkyong Pae ◽

Dayong Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

The Elderly ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Age Related ◽

Serovar Typhimurium ◽

Lymph Node Cells ◽

Old Mice ◽

Effect Of Age ◽

Young Mice

Ageing is associated with a decline in immune function, which predisposes the elderly to a higher incidence of infections. Information on the mechanism of the age-related increase in susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is limited. In particular, little is known regarding the involvement of the immune response in this age-related change. We employed streptomycin (Sm)-pretreated C57BL/6 mice to develop a mouse model that would demonstrate age-related differences in susceptibility and immune response to S. Typhimurium. In this model, old mice inoculated orally with doses of 3×108 or 1×106 c.f.u. S. Typhimurium had significantly greater S. Typhimurium colonization in the ileum, colon, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver than young mice. Old mice had significantly higher weight loss than young mice on days 1 and 2 post-infection. In response to S. Typhimurium infection, old mice failed to increase ex vivo production of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells to the same degree as observed in young mice; this was associated with their inability to maintain the presence of neutrophils and macrophages at a ‘youthful’ level. These results indicate that Sm-pretreated C57BL/6 old mice are more susceptible to S. Typhimurium infection than young mice, which might be due to impaired IFN-γ and TNF-α production as well as a corresponding change in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in response to S. Typhimurium infection compared to young mice.

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