Ten-day endurance training attenuates the hyperosmotic suppression of cutaneous vasodilation during exercise but not sweating

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Ichinose ◽  
Kazunobu Okazaki ◽  
Shizue Masuki ◽  
Hiroyuki Mitono ◽  
Mian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual

It is well known that hyperosmolality suppresses thermoregulatory responses and that plasma osmolality (Posmol) increases with exercise intensity. We examined whether the decreased esophageal temperature thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation (THFVC) and sweating (THSR) after 10-day endurance training (ET) are caused by either attenuated increase in Posmol at a given exercise intensity or blunted sensitivity of hyperosmotic suppression. Nine young male volunteers exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60% peak oxygen consumption rate (V̇o2 peak) for 1 h/day for 10 days at 30°C. Before and after ET, thermoregulatory responses were measured during 20-min exercise at pretraining 70% V̇o2 peak in the same environment as during ET under isoosmotic or hyperosmotic conditions. Hyperosmolality by ∼10 mosmol/kgH2O was attained by acute hypertonic saline infusion. After ET, V̇o2 peak and blood volume (BV) both increased by ∼4% ( P < 0.05), followed by a decrease in THFVC ( P < 0.05) but not by that in THSR. Although there was no significant decrease in Posmol at the thresholds after ET, the sensitivity of increase in THFVC at a given increase in Posmol [ΔTHFVC/ΔPosmol,°C·(mosmol/kgH2O)−1], determined by hypertonic infusion, was reduced to 0.021 ± 0.005 from 0.039 ± 0.004 before ET ( P < 0.05). The individual reductions in ΔTHFVC/ΔPosmol after ET were highly correlated with their increases in BV around THFVC ( r = −0.89, P < 0.005). In contrast, there was no alteration in the sensitivity of the hyperosmotic suppression of sweating after ET. Thus the downward shift of THFVC after ET was partially explained by the blunted sensitivity to hyperosmolality, which occurred in proportion to the increase in BV.

Acute hypoosmolality attenuates the suppression of cutaneous vasodilation with increased exercise intensity

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 902-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Mitono ◽  
Hiroshi Endoh ◽  
Kazunobu Okazaki ◽  
Takashi Ichinose ◽  
Shizue Masuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Forearm Skin

We examined the hypothesis that elevation of the body core temperature threshold for forearm skin vasodilation (THFVC) with increased exercise intensity is partially caused by concomitantly increased plasma osmolality (Posmol). Eight young male subjects, wearing a body suit perfused with warm water to maintain the mean skin temperature at 34 ± 1°C (ranges), performed 20-min cycle-ergometer exercise at 30% peak aerobic power (V̇o2 peak) under isoosmotic conditions (C), and at 65% V̇o2 peak under isoosmotic (HEXIOS) and hypoosmotic (HEXLOS) conditions. In HEXLOS, hypoosmolality was attained by hypotonic saline infusion with DDAVP, a V2 agonist, before exercise. Posmol (mosmol/kgH2O) increased after the start of exercise in both HEX trials ( P < 0.01) but not in C. The average Posmol at 5 and 10 min in HEXIOS was higher than in C ( P < 0.01), whereas that in HEXLOS was lower than in HEXIOS ( P < 0.01). The change in THFVC was proportional to that in Posmol in every subject for three trials. The change in THFVC per unit change in Posmol (ΔTHFVC/ΔPosmol, °C·mosmol−1·kgH2O−1) was 0.064 ± 0.012 when exercise intensity increased from C to HEXIOS, similar to 0.086 ± 0.020 when Posmol decreased from HEXIOS to HEXLOS ( P > 0.1). Moreover, there were no significant differences in plasma volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and plasma lactate concentration around THFVC between HEXIOS and HEXLOS ( P > 0.1). Thus the increase in THFVC due to increased exercise intensity was at least partially explained by the concomitantly increased Posmol.

Human thermoregulatory responses during heat exposure after artificially induced sunburn

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. R610-R616 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Pandolf ◽  
R. W. Gange ◽  
W. A. Latzka ◽  
I. H. Blank ◽  
K. K. Kraning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Forearm ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Before And After

Thermoregulatory responses in the heat (ambient temperature 49 degrees C, 20% relative humidity, 1 m/s wind) were investigated in 10 unacclimated men during 50 min of cycle ergometer exercise (approximately 53% of maximal aerobic power) after a 10-min rest before as well as 24 h and 1 wk after twice the minimal erythemal dose of UV-B radiation that covered approximately 85% of the body surface area. In 7 subjects esophageal temperature (Tes) was recorded while in all 10 subjects five-site skin and rectal temperatures, heart rate, and back, left forearm, and shielded (12 cm2 area) right forearm sweating rates (msw) were recorded at 15-s intervals. Venous blood was collected before and after exercise-heat stress. Mean skin temperature, Tes, rectal temperature, heart rate, and total body sweating rate were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) affected by sunburn. Pre- and postexercise values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma volume, and plasma osmolality were also not affected (P greater than 0.05) by sunburn. Analysis of presunburn and post-sunburn data showed that the Tes intercept for sweating (degrees C) was unaffected (P greater than 0.05), but msw/Tes and final msw from the left forearm (msw/Tes 0.24 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.17 +/- 0.01 mg.cm-2.min-1. degrees C-1, P less than 0.05; msw 0.60 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.37 +/- 0.02, mg.cm-2.min-1, P less than 0.05) and back (msw/Tes 0.43 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.01 mg.cm-2.min-1. degrees C-1, P = 0.052; msw 1.08 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.74 +/- 0.05 mg.cm-2.min-1, P less than 0.05) were significantly reduced 24 h postsunburn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Using the Talk Test to Prescribe and Guide Exercise Intensity: Speaking Your Way to Improved Fitness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Preobrazenski
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Small Incidence ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Physiological Markers ◽  
Healthy Males

Introduction: The Talk Test (TT) is a non-invasive, subjective method of prescribing exercise intensity. The TT involves three stages. When exercisers can speak comfortably, can speak but not comfortably, or cannot speak comfortably, they are in the positive (POS), equivocal (EQ), and negative (NEG) TT stages, respectively. The NEG stage correlates with important physiological markers such as ventilatory threshold and lactate threshold. Given the evidence demonstrating large increases peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) when training at intensities above these markers, the purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that the TT is efficacious for improving VO2peak at both the group and individual level in young, healthy males. Methods: 11 healthy males completed a maximal fitness test before and after 4 weeks of training 4 times per week for 30 minutes in the NEG stage. The TT was performed every 2.5 to 5 minutes to ensure that the resistance would be enough to elicit a NEG response. Changes in VO2peak below 2 times a previously established typical error were classified as non-response. Results: Four weeks of training at NEG induced a significant increase (11.5%) in VO2peak (PRE: 45.80 mL/Kg/min ± 4.92; POST 51.07 mL/Kg/min ± 5.45, p < 0.001). Furthermore, only one participant (9.09%) was classified as a non-responder in VO2peak following training. Conclusion: These results suggest that the TT can efficaciously prescribe and guide exercise intensity in young, healthy males, and that training at an intensity that prevents comfortable speech leads to a small incidence of non-response

Effects of high-intensity cycle exercise on sympathoadrenal-medullary response patterns

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Kraemer ◽  
J. F. Patton ◽  
H. G. Knuttgen ◽  
C. J. Hannan ◽  
T. Kettler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Plasma proenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity and catecholamines were examined on separate days in nine healthy males before and after maximal exercise to exhaustion at four intensities [36, 55, 73, and 100% of maximal leg power (MLP)] by use of a computerized cycle ergometer. The mean duration of 36, 55, 73, and 100% MLP was 3.31, 0.781, 0.270, and 0.1 min, respectively. All intensities were greater than those eliciting peak O2 uptake for the individual subjects. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after exercise, and 5 and 15 min after exercise. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in plasma peptide F immunoreactivity (i.e., from mean resting value of 0.18 to 0.43 pmol/ml) were observed immediately after exercise at 36% MLP. Significant increases in plasma epinephrine were observed immediately after exercise at 36% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 2.22 to 3.11 pmol/ml) and 55% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 1.67 to 2.98 pmol/ml) and 15 min after exercise at 100% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 1.92 to 3.88 pmol/ml). Significant increases for plasma norepinephrine were observed immediately after exercise (36, 55, 73, and 100% MLP), 5 min after exercise (36, 55, and 73% MLP), and 15 min after exercise (36% MLP). Increases in whole blood lactate were observed at all points after exercise for 36, 55, and 73% MLP and 5 min after exercise for 100% MLP. These data show that brief high-intensity exercise results in differential response patterns of catecholamines and proenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity.

Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2097-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L. Friedlander ◽  
Gretchen A. Casazza ◽  
Michael A. Horning ◽  
Anton Usaj ◽  
George A. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Total Fat

We examined the effects of exercise intensity and a 10-wk cycle ergometer training program [5 days/wk, 1 h, 75% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) flux, total fat oxidation, and whole body lipolysis in healthy male subjects ( n= 10; age = 25.6 ± 1.0 yr). Two pretraining trials (45 and 65% ofV˙o 2 peak) and two posttraining trials (same absolute workload, 65% of oldV˙o 2 peak; and same relative workload, 65% of newV˙o 2 peak) were performed by using an infusion of [1-13C]palmitate and [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol. An additional nine subjects (age 25.4 ± 0.8 yr) were treated similarly but were infused with [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol and not [1-13C]palmitate. Subjects were studied postabsorptive for 90 min of rest and 1 h of cycling exercise. After training, subjects increasedV˙o 2 peak by 9.4 ± 1.4%. Pretraining, plasma FFA kinetics were inversely related to exercise intensity with rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) being significantly higher at 45 than at 65%V˙o 2 peak(Ra: 8.14 ± 1.28 vs. 6.64 ± 0.46, Rd: 8.03 ± 1.28 vs. 6.42 ± 0.41 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) ( P ≤ 0.05). After training, when measured at the same absolute and relative intensities, FFA Ra increased to 8.84 ± 1.1, 8.44 ± 1.1 and Rd to 8.82 ± 1.1, 8.35 ± 1.1 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively ( P ≤ 0.05). Total fat oxidation determined from respiratory exchange ratio was elevated during exercise compared with rest, but did not differ among the four conditions. Glycerol Ra was elevated during exercise compared with rest but did not demonstrate significant intensity or training effects during exercise. Thus, in young men, plasma FFA flux is increased during exercise after endurance training, but total fat oxidation and whole-body lipolysis are unaffected when measured at the same absolute or relative exercise intensities.

Anaerobic threshold alterations caused by endurance training in middle-aged men

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Davis ◽  
M. H. Frank ◽  
B. J. Whipp ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cycle Endurance

Nine previously sedentary middle-aged males underwent cycle endurance training 45 min/day for 9 wk with an average attendance of 4.1 days/wk. Seven males served as controls. Before and after the training period, the subjects performed three cycle ergometer tests. Work rate was incremented by 15 W/min, to the limit of the subjects' tolerance, in the first two tests; the third test consisted of contant-load cycling at an O2 uptake (VO2) just below the pretraining anaerobic threshold (AT). After training, the AT increased significantly by 44%, expressed as absolute VO2, and by 15%, expressed relative to VO2 max. Significant increases were also noted in VO2max (25%), maximal minute ventilation (19%), and maximal work rate (28%). The test-retest correlation coefficients for the AT (%VO2max) were 0.91, pre- and posttraining. Training did not alter steady-state VO2 during the submaximal exercise test whereas significant decreases occurred in CO2 output, VE, respiratory quotient, and VE/VO2. No changes occurred in the control subjects during this period. These results demonstrate that the AT is profoundly influenced by endurance training in previously sedentary middle-aged males.

scholarly journals Plasma BCAA concentrations during exercise of varied intensities in young healthy men—the impact of endurance training

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10491
Author(s):  
Anna Gawedzka ◽  
Marcin Grandys ◽  
Krzysztof Duda ◽  
Justyna Zapart-Bukowska ◽  
Jerzy A. Zoladz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Background Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) i.e., leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) are important amino acids, which metabolism play a role in maintaining system energy homeostasis at rest and during exercise. As recently shown lowering of circulating BCAA level improves insulin sensitivity and cardiac metabolic health. However, little is known concerning the impact of a single bout of incremental exercise and physical training on the changes in blood BCAA. The present study aimed to determine the impact of a gradually increasing exercise intensity—up to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on the changes of the plasma BCAA [∑BCAA]pl, before and after 5-weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training (ET). Methods Ten healthy young, untrained men performed an incremental cycling exercise test up to exhaustion to reach VO2max, before and after ET. Results We have found that exercise of low-to-moderate intensity (up to ∼50% of VO2max lasting about 12 min) had no significant effect on the [∑BCAA]pl, however the exercise of higher intensity (above 70% of VO2max lasting about 10 min) resulted in a pronounced decrease (p < 0.05) in [∑BCAA]pl. The lowering of plasma BCAA when performing exercise of higher intensity was preceded by a significant increase in plasma lactate concentration, showing that a significant attenuation of BCAA during incremental exercise coincides with exercise-induced acceleration of glycogen utilization. In addition, endurance training, which significantly increased power generating capabilities at VO2max (p = 0.004) had no significant impact on the changes of [∑BCAA]pl during this incremental exercise. Conclusion We have concluded that an exercise of moderate intensity of relatively short duration generally has no effect on the [∑BCAA]pl in young, healthy men, whereas significant decrease in [∑BCAA]pl occurs when performing exercise in heavy-intensity domain. The impact of exercise intensity on the plasma BCAA concentration seems to be especially important for patients with cardiometabolic risk undertaken cardiac rehabilitation or recreational activity.

scholarly journals Effect of Combined Endurance Training and MitoQ on Cardiac Function and Serum Level of Antioxidants, NO, miR-126, and miR-27a in Hypertensive Individuals

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yaser Masoumi-Ardakani ◽  
Hamid Najafipour ◽  
Hamid Reza Nasri ◽  
Soheil Aminizadeh ◽  
Shirin Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

Objectives. Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Despite advances in treatment and control of HTN, the prevalence of HTN is still increasing. MitoQ is a supplement that acts on mitochondria and attenuates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays an important role in cardiovascular health. miRNAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of HTN. We evaluated the effects of MitoQ supplementation and endurance training (ET), alone and in combination, on functional indices of the heart and serum levels of miR-126, miR-27a, antioxidants, and NO, in patients with HTN. Methods. In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 52 male participants (age 40-55 years) were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 13 ) of placebo, MitoQ (20 mg/day, oral), ET (cycle ergometer, moderate intensity, 40-60% VO2 peak, heart rate 120-140 b/min, 45 min a day, three days/week for six weeks), and MitoQ+ET. Cardiac function indices were assessed by echocardiography before and after interventions. Results. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased in all intervention groups ( P < 0.001 ) while DBP ( P < 0.01 ) and LV hypertrophy ( P < 0.05 ) were significantly decreased only in the MitoQ+ET group. Serum levels of SOD, GPx, and NO and the level of miR-126 significantly increased in all treatment groups, while miR-27a reduced in the ET ( P < 0.05 ) and MitoQ+ET ( P < 0.01 ) groups. Conclusions. Compared to MitoQ and ET alone, their combination has more prominent improving effects on cardiac health and amelioration of BP in the patients with HTN. These effects are through miR-126 and miR-27a modulation and ameliorating mitochondrial ROS production.

Comparison of performing 12 weeks’ resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise on the hormonal status of aged women: a randomized controlled trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Banitalebi ◽  
Mohammad Faramarzi ◽  
Laleh Bagheri ◽  
Abdol Reza Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Physiological aging can now be considered as a multi-factorial process that is associated with anatomical and signaling changes associated with endocrine function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of performing 12 weeks’ resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise on the hormonal status of aged women. Materials and methods Forty healthy aged women (age: 67.35 ± 1.40 years) were randomly divided into three training groups and a control group: resistance followed by endurance training (ER, n = 12), endurance training followed by resistance training (RE, n = 12, interval resistance-endurance (RE) training (INT, n = 12) and a control (Con, n = 12) groups. The training program was done over 12 weeks, 3 times per week. Endurance training was performed on a cycle ergometer (intensity: 60–90% maximum heart rate) and resistance training involved selected resistance exercises (intensity: 40–75 one-repetition maximum, 8–18 repeats). All participants were evaluated before and after the training period. Results and conclusion The data showed that performing resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise did not influence the adaptive response of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (p = 0.07), growth hormone (p = 0.35), cortisol (p = 0.20), insulin (p = 0.72), epinephrine (p = 0.83) and norepinephrine (p = 0.86) levels throughout the study. However, when comparing pre and post, no significant differences were shown following combined training within the SE, ES and INT groups for all variables (p < 0.05), except of IGF-1 within ES (p = 0.04) and SE (p = 0.02), and testosterone within ES (p = 0.007). In conclusion, combined training with RE order may be more effective than other orders for increasing anabolic status in aged women.

Training-induced alterations of glucose flux in men

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1360-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L. Friedlander ◽  
Gretchen A. Casazza ◽  
Michael A. Horning ◽  
Melvin J. Huie ◽  
George A. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Glucose Flux ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Intensity Training

Friedlander, Anne L., Gretchen A. Casazza, Michael A. Horning, Melvin J. Huie, and George A. Brooks. Training-induced alterations of glucose flux in men. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1360–1369, 1997.—We examined the hypothesis that glucose flux was directly related to relative exercise intensity both before and after a 10-wk cycle ergometer training program in 19 healthy male subjects. Two pretraining trials [45 and 65% of peak O2 consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] and two posttraining trials (same absolute and relative intensities as 65% pretraining) were performed for 90 min of rest and 1 h of cycling exercise. After training, subjects increasedV˙o 2 peak by 9.4 ± 1.4%. Pretraining, the intensity effect on glucose kinetics was evident with rates of appearance (Ra; 5.84 ± 0.23 vs. 4.73 ± 0.19 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1), disappearance (Rd; 5.78 ± 0.19 vs. 4.73 ± 0.19 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1), oxidation (Rox; 5.36 ± 0.15 vs. 3.41 ± 0.23 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1), and metabolic clearance (7.03 ± 0.56 vs. 5.20 ± 0.28 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) of glucose being significantly greater ( P ≤ 0.05) in the 65% than the 45%V˙o 2 peak trial. When Rd was expressed as a percentage of total energy expended per minute (Rd E), there was no difference between the 45 and 65% intensities. Training did reduce Ra (4.63 ± 0.25), Rd (4.65 ± 0.24), Rox (3.77 ± 0.43), and Rd E (15.30 ± 0.40 to 12.85 ± 0.81) when subjects were tested at the same absolute workload ( P ≤ 0.05). However, when they were tested at the same relative workload, Ra, Rd, and Rd E were not different, although Rox was lower posttraining (5.36 ± 0.15 vs. 4.41 ± 0.42, P ≤ 0.05). These results show 1) glucose use is directly related to exercise intensity; 2) training decreases glucose flux for a given power output; 3) when expressed as relative exercise intensity, training does not affect the magnitude of blood glucose use during exercise; 4) training alters the pathways of glucose disposal.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document