Invited Review: Sleeping flies don't lie: the use ofDrosophila melanogasterto study sleep and circadian rhythms

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1660-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Basic Cell ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Processes

During the past century, flies thoroughly proved their value as an animal model for the study of the genetics of development and basic cell processes. During the past three decades, they have also been extensively used to study the genetics of behavior. For both circadian rhythms and for sleep, flies are helping us to understand the genetic mechanisms that underlie these complex behaviors. Since 1971, discoveries in the fly have led the way to a number of significant discoveries, establishing a mechanistic framework that is now known to be conserved in the mammalian clock. The highlights of this history are described. For sleep, the use of the fly as a model is relatively new, that is, only within the past 2 yr. Nonetheless, studies have already established that two transcription factors alter rest and rest homeostasis. The implications of these advances for the future of sleep research are summarized.

Catholicism and Cosmopolitanism: the Confluence of Three Catholic Scholars and the Cosmopolitan Democrats on State Sovereignty and the Future of Global Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cosmopolitan Democracy ◽  
Catholic Tradition

One of the central questions in international relations today is how we should conceive of state sovereignty. The notion of sovereignty—’supreme authority within a territory’, as Daniel Philpott defines it—emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as a result of which the late medieval crisis of pluralism was settled. But recent changes in the international order, such as technological advances that have spurred globalization and the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect, have cast the notion of sovereignty into an unclear light. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current debate regarding sovereignty by exploring two schools of thought on the matter: first, three Catholic scholars from the past century—Luigi Sturzo, Jacques Maritain, and John Courtney Murray, S.J.—taken as representative of Catholic tradition; second, a number of contemporary political theorists of cosmopolitan democracy. The paper argues that there is a confluence between the Catholic thinkers and the cosmopolitan democrats regarding their understanding of state sovereignty and that, taken together, the two schools have much to contribute not only to our current understanding of sovereignty, but also to the future of global governance.

scholarly journals Dark matters: effects of light at night on metabolism

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy J. Nelson ◽  
Souhad Chbeir
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Life On Earth

Life on earth has evolved during the past several billion years under relatively bright days and dark night conditions. The wide-spread adoption of electric lights during the past century exposed animals, both human and non-human, to significant light at night for the first time in their evolutionary history. Endogenous circadian clocks depend on light to entrain to the external daily environment and seasonal rhythms depend on clear nightly melatonin signals to assess time of year. Thus, light at night can derange temporal adaptations. Indeed, disruption of naturally evolved light–dark cycles results in several physiological and behavioural changes with potentially serious implications for physiology, behaviour and mood. In this review, data from night-shift workers on their elevated risk for metabolic disorders, as well as data from animal studies will be discussed. Night-shift workers are predisposed to obesity and dysregulated metabolism that may result from disrupted circadian rhythms. Although studies in human subjects are correlative, animal studies have revealed several mechanisms through which light at night may exert its effects on metabolism by disrupting circadian rhythms that are associated with inflammation, both in the brain and in the periphery. Disruption of the typical timing of food intake is a key effect of light at night and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Strategies to avoid the effects of light at night on body mass dysregulation should be pursued.

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Teubner Texts

1961 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Bruno Doer
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Publishing Firm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The Future ◽  
Do So ◽  
A Share

It is always agreeable to offer congratulations to someone who is celebrating a jubilee. It is a particular pleasure to do so when the ‘child’ whose birthday it is can look back over 150 years of existence, and all those who have a share in the jubilee may reflect that the thanks for the achievements of the past and wishes for the future serve the cause of publicity. For no one who sets out to discuss the state of classical studies in Germany can, or should, fail to mention the Leipzig publishing firm of B. G. Teubner. Here publishing and scholarship have in the past century and a half formed an indissoluble partnership which has made it its duty to provide the best texts for use in the study of classical antiquity.

scholarly journals Climate impact on floods: changes in high flows in Sweden in the past and the future (1911–2100)

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 771-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Arheimer ◽  
G. Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Climate Impact ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Flows ◽  
Model Chain

Abstract. There is an ongoing discussion whether floods occur more frequently today than in the past, and whether they will increase in number and magnitude in the future. To explore this issue in Sweden, we merged observed time series for the past century from 69 gauging sites throughout the country (450 000 km2) with high-resolution dynamic model projections of the upcoming century. The results show that the changes in annual maximum daily flows in Sweden oscillate between dry and wet periods but exhibit no significant trend over the past 100 years. Temperature was found to be the strongest climate driver of changes in river high flows, which are related primarily to snowmelt in Sweden. Annual daily high flows may decrease by on average −1% per decade in the future, mainly due to lower peaks from snowmelt in the spring (−2% per decade) as a result of higher temperatures and a shorter snow season. In contrast, autumn flows may increase by +3% per decade due to more intense rainfall. This indicates a shift in flood-generating processes in the future, with greater influence of rain-fed floods. Changes in climate may have a more significant impact on some specific rivers than on the average for the whole country. Our results suggest that the temporal pattern in future daily high flow in some catchments will shift in time, with spring floods in the northern–central part of Sweden occurring about 1 month earlier than today. High flows in the southern part of the country may become more frequent. Moreover, the current boundary between snow-driven floods in northern–central Sweden and rain-driven floods in the south may move toward higher latitudes due to less snow accumulation in the south and at low altitudes. The findings also indicate a tendency in observations toward the modeled projections for timing of daily high flows over the last 25 years. Uncertainties related to both the observed data and the complex model chain of climate impact assessments in hydrology are discussed.

The lingering core of legal scholarship

Legal Studies ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Bartie
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this paper is to consider how leading scholars are interpreting the role and status of the core tenets of legal scholarship in England and Australia – the tenets that have provided an element of unity in legal scholarship over the past century or so. Instead of focusing on the way that scholarship has diversified and expanded, the paper considers whether elements of the prior orthodoxy have remained: do the tenets persist, what status are they afforded and what impact will their presence have on the future identity of the discipline and its conception of law? The paper captures insights into the way that scholars – as opposed to administrators or managers – are interpreting changes in the discipline. It is based on the premise that scholarly attitudes can shape the discipline and that therefore such attitudes are worthy of study.

scholarly journals Climate impact on floods – changes of high-flows in Sweden for the past and future (1911–2100)

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 7551-7584 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Arheimer ◽  
G. Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Climate Impact ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
The Past ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Flows

Abstract. There is an on-going discussion whether floods are more frequent nowadays than in the past and whether they will increase in a future climate. To explore this for Sweden we merged observed time-series from 69 sites across the country (450 000 km2) for the past century with high-resolution dynamic scenario modeling of the up-coming century. The results show that the changes of daily annual high flows in Sweden oscillate between decades, but there is no significant trend for the past 100 years. A small tendency for high flows to decrease by 0.3–0.4% per decade in magnitude and 10-year flood frequency was noted, but not statistically significant. Temperature was found to be the strongest climate driver for river high-flows, as these are mainly related to snow melt in Sweden. Also in the future there will be oscillations between decades, but these were difficult to estimate as climate projections were not in phase with observations. However, in the long term, the daily annual high-flows may decrease by on average 1% per decade, mainly due to lower peaks from snow melt in the spring (–2% per decade) caused by higher temperatures and shorter snow season. On the contrary, autumn flows may increase by 3% per decade due to more intensive rainfall. This indicates a shift in flood generating processes in the future, with more influence of rain generated floods. This should be considered in reference data for design variables when adapting to climate change. Uncertainties related to the study are discussed in the paper, both for observed data and for the complex model chain of climate impact assessments in hydrology.

Airbus Group: A Story of Continuous Innovation

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1223) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Jean Botti
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Past Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Group A

ABSTRACTThe 150th anniversary of the Royal Aeronautical Society offers an ideal opportunity to reflect on the spirit of innovation and collaboration fostered by the Society and its members over the past century and a half. Dr Jean Botti, an engineer with 31 patents to his name and Chief Technical Officer at Airbus Group, reflects on key innovation milestones for both Airbus Group and the industry as a whole. He also discusses the benefits of collaboration between the RAeS members and industry, and looks forward to an exciting new era of discovery – from electric flight (e-flight) to ‘smarter skies’ and the future development of new modes of flight which can only be imagined today.

scholarly journals The Beginnings of The Modern Art

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-261
Author(s):  
Mircea Ştefănescu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Visual Artists ◽  
Perfect Field ◽  
Marcel Duchamp ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

Abstract At the beginning of the 20th century visual artists found in the art the perfect field to experiment with different materials, combinations of new shapes and proportions to create new artistic currents. But this new trend has questioned the relation of classical arts with its perennial values which can not be overlooked, however radical the desire of young artists to “break” definitively with the past. Thus, in this new artistic context, many of the old art flagship techniques have been questioned and, as is always the case for predicting the “future of art”, the new artistic tendencies are absolutized and others are considered obsolete and declared “death”. The best known example is that of Marcel Duchamp, who, along with his famous ready-made exhibitions, strongly supported the death of art. Finally, the great creators of the past century felt at one point the need to relate to established art in order to better understand the “place” occupied by the generation of new artistic revolutions.

Max Weber Past, Present, and Future

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Edith Hanke ◽  
Lawrence Scaff ◽  
Sam Whimster
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Modernity ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

Max Weber is one of the most important social theorists of the past century. His legacy includes a distinctive approach to inquiry and engagement with political and cultural issues. The Weberian perspective can be understood as both a “paradigm” for analyzing social phenomena and a specification of categories defining the field of inquiry, such as economy, power, stratification, religion, law, culture, and science. The handbook presents chapters exploring each of these substantive topics, demonstrating the application of Weberian concepts and ideas to contemporary problems. The future promises a worldwide diffusion of Weber’s ideas, addressed especially to the challenges of global modernity. The introductory chapter concludes with a detailed chronology of Weber’s life.

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