scholarly journals Circulating microRNAs in acute and chronic exercise: more than mere biomarkers

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Sapp ◽  
Daniel D. Shill ◽  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
James M. Hagberg
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Fitness And Health

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that influence biological processes by regulating gene expression after transcription. It was recently discovered that miRNAs are released into the circulation (ci-miRNAs) where they are highly stable and can act as intercellular messengers to affect physiological processes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the studies to date that have investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on ci-miRNAs in humans. Findings indicate that specific ci-miRNAs are altered in response to different protocols of acute and chronic exercise in both healthy and diseased populations. In some cases, altered ci-miRNAs correlate with fitness and health parameters, suggesting causal mechanisms by which ci-miRNAs may facilitate adaptations to exercise training. However, strong data supporting such mechanisms are lacking. Thus, a purpose of this review is to guide future studies by discussing current and novel proposed roles for ci-miRNAs in adaptations to exercise training. In addition, substantial, fundamental gaps in the field need to be addressed. The ultimate goal of this research is that an understanding of the roles of ci-miRNAs in physiological adaptations to exercise training will one day translate to therapeutic interventions.

Prenatal exercise and cardiovascular health (PEACH) study: impact of acute and chronic exercise on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and dynamic cerebral autoregulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Skow ◽  
Lawrence Labrecque ◽  
Jade A. Rosenberger ◽  
Patrice Brassard ◽  
Craig D. Steinback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation

We performed a randomised controlled trial measuring dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) using a sit-to-stand maneuver before (SS1) and following (SS2) an acute exercise test at 16-20 weeks gestation (trimester 2; TM2) and then again at 34-37 weeks gestation (third trimester; TM3). Following the first assessment, women were randomised into exercise training or control (standard care) groups; women in the exercise training group were prescribed moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 25-40 minutes on 3-4 days per week for 14±1weeks. Resting seated mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAvmean) was lower in TM3 compared to TM2 but not impacted by exercise training intervention. dCA was not impacted by gestational age, or exercise training during SS1. During SS2, dCA was altered such that there were greater absolute and relative decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and MCAvmean, but this was not impacted by the intervention. There was also no difference in the relationship between the decrease in MCAvmean compared to the decrease in MAP (%/%), or the onset of the regulatory response with respect to acute exercise, gestational age, or intervention; however, rate of regulation was faster in women in the exercise group following acute exercise (interaction effect, p=0.048). These data highlight the resilience of the cerebral circulation in that dCA was well maintained or improved in healthy pregnant women between TM2 and TM3. However, future work addressing the impact of acute and chronic exercise on dCA in women who are at risk for cardiovascular complications during pregnancy is needed.

scholarly journals Description on the Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Different Systems of the Body

2021 ◽  
pp. 272-275
Author(s):  
Dr. K. Rama Subba Reddy ◽  
Dr. T V Bala Krishna Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Exercise Programmes

The purpose of this study is to explore various changes occur in different physical and physiological systems of the body with respect to the relevant chronic exercises. Acute and Chronic exercise programmes develops physiological adaptations in different systems of the body, due to the stress places on the systems. Acute exercise refers to short duration exercise, such as a cycle ergometer or a treadmill maximal exercise test. Chronic refers to extended or long term exercise, such a physical training programme of four to six months duration.

scholarly journals Plasma levels of microRNA in chronic kidney disease: patterns in acute and chronic exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (12) ◽  
pp. H2008-H2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaryllis H. Van Craenenbroeck ◽  
Kristien J. Ledeganck ◽  
Katrijn Van Ackeren ◽  
Angelika Jürgens ◽  
Vicky Y. Hoymans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Adaptation To Exercise

Exercise training is an effective way to improve exercise capacity in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the underlying mechanisms are only partly understood. In healthy subjects (HS), microRNA (miRNA or miR) are dynamically regulated following exercise and have, therefore, been suggested as regulators of cardiovascular adaptation to exercise. However, these effects were not studied in CKD before. The effect of acute exercise (i.e., an acute exercise bout) was assessed in 32 patients with CKD and 12 age- and sex-matched HS ( study 1). miRNA expression in response to chronic exercise (i.e., a 3-mo exercise training program) was evaluated in 40 CKD patients ( study 2). In a subgroup of study 2, the acute-exercise induced effect was evaluated at baseline and at follow-up. Plasma levels of a preselected panel miRNA, involved in exercise adaptation processes such as angiogenesis (miR-126, miR-210), inflammation (miR-21, miR-146a), hypoxia/ischemia (miR-21, miR-210), and progenitor cells (miR-150), were quantified by RT-PCR. Additionally, seven miRNA involved in similar biological processes were quantified in the subgroup of study 2. Baseline, studied miRNA were comparable in CKD and HS. Following acute exercise, miR-150 levels increased in both CKD (fold change 2.12 ± 0.39, P = 0.002; and HS: fold change 2.41 ± 0.48 P = 0.018, P for interaction > 0.05). miR-146a acutely decreased in CKD (fold change 0.92 ± 0.13, P = 0.024), whereas it remained unchanged in HS. Levels of miR-21, miR-126, and miR-210 remained unaltered. Chronic exercise did not elicit a significant change in the studied miRNA levels. However, an acute exercise-induced decrease in miR-210 was observed in CKD patients, only after training (fold change 0.76 ± 0.15). The differential expression in circulating miRNA in response to acute and chronic exercise may point toward a physiological role in cardiovascular adaptation to exercise, also in CKD.

scholarly journals Ghrelin Response to Acute and Chronic Exercise: Insights and Implications from a Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nejmeddine Ouerghi ◽  
Moncef Feki ◽  
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Ghrelin is a peptide hormone predominantly produced by the stomach. It exerts a wide range of functions including stimulating growth hormone release and regulating appetite, food intake, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Since physical exercise affects all these aspects, a particular interest is accorded to the relationship between ghrelin and exercise. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current available data on the topic for a better understanding of the relationship. Methods An extensive computerized search was performed in the PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases for retrieving relevant articles. The search contained the following keywords: ghrelin, appetite-related peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, gastrointestinal hormones, exercise, acute exercise, chronic exercise, training, and physical activity. Studies investigating the effects of acute/chronic exercise on circulating forms of ghrelin were included. Results The initial search identified 840 articles. After screening, 80 articles were included. Despite a heterogeneity of studies and a variability of the findings, the review suggests that acute exercise suppresses acyl ghrelin production regardless of the participants and the exercise characteristics. Long- and very long-term exercise training programs mostly resulted in increased total and des-acyl ghrelin production. The increase is more noticeable in overweight/obese individuals, and is most likely due to weight loss resulting from the training program. Conclusion The review suggests that exercise may impact ghrelin production. While the precise mechanisms are unclear, the effects are likely due to blood flow redistribution and weight loss for acute and chronic exercise, respectively. These changes are expected to be metabolically beneficial. Further research is needed for a better understanding of the relationship between ghrelin and exercise.

Effects of acute and chronic exercise on skeletal muscle glucose transport in aged rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1750-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Youngren ◽  
R. J. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Muscle Glucose Transport

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise on skeletal muscle glucose transport in aged rats by using an isolated sarcolemmal membrane preparation. In 24-mo-old female Fischer 344 rats, a maximum dose of insulin increased glucose transport from 43 +/- 6 to 82 +/- 6 pmol.mg protein-1.15 s-1. A 45-min bout of exhaustive treadmill running increased glucose transport to the same maximum level (88 +/- 5 pmol.mg protein-1.15 s-1). Eight weeks of progressive exercise training resulted in a 65% increase in succinic dehydrogenase activity in hindlimb muscles and a 55% increase in total cellular GLUT-4 content. Despite these biochemical adaptations, there was no change in either basal or maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport between control (43 +/- 6 and 82 +/- 6 pmol.mg protein-1.15 s-1, respectively) and trained (42 +/- 2 and 82 +/- 8 pmol.mg protein-1.15 s-1, respectively) animals. When hindlimb muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity and GLUT-4 content were compared for both the combined sedentary and trained groups, a significant correlation (r = 0.68) was obtained. This study demonstrates that the skeletal muscle glucose transport system of 24-mo-old rats is fully stimulated by acute exercise and that, although GLUT-4 levels are increased in aged animals after exercise training, this does not result in an enhancement of maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Thus increases in GLUT-4 are not sufficient to improve muscle insulin responsiveness with training.

Reduced triglyceride secretion: a metabolic consequence of chronic exercise.

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (3) ◽  
pp. E221 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Simonelli ◽  
R P Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Zucker Rat ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Triglyceride Secretion ◽  
Obese Zucker Rat

Chronic exercise training is recognized to reduce plasma lipid levels in man and animals, but the mechanism(s) mediating this phenomenon have not been defined. In the present study, we examined triglyceride (TG) production and disposal in vivo in a genetic model of human type IV hyperlipemia, the obese Zucker rat. Utilizing the normolipemic thin littermate as the control, we investigated endogenous production of TG utilizing the Triton methodology and peripheral disposal of an exogenous lipid emulsion utilizing Intralipid injection. In the sedentary state, the hyperlipemic obese Zucker rat demonstrated a threefold elevation in triglyceride secretion rate relative to the normolipemic thin littermate. After a 3-wk period of exercise training, a reduction of basal plasma TG concentration of 42% was associated with a 51% reduction in TG secretion rate, a change adequate to account for the hypolipemic response. Moreover, chronic exercise training also improved the ability to dispose of an Intralipid load. A similar reduction in TG production with reduced TG removal was observed in the thin normolipemic rats, a result that suggests that the lipid lowering response to exercise training may be predominantly mediated by reduced secretion of TG. The possible relationship between reduced TG secretion and alterations in the bihormonal axis of insulin and glucagon are discussed.

scholarly journals Subtle structural alterations in G-quadruplex DNA regulate site specificity of fluorescence light-up probes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1108-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Kumar ◽  
Karam Chand ◽  
Sudipta Bhowmik ◽  
Rabindra Nath Das ◽  
Snehasish Bhattacharjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Dna Structure ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Quadruplex Dna ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
G4 Dna ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
Fluorescence Light

Abstract G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures are linked to key biological processes and human diseases. Small molecules that target specific G4 DNA structures and signal their presence would therefore be of great value as chemical research tools with potential to further advance towards diagnostic and therapeutic developments. However, the development of these types of specific compounds remain as a great challenge. In here, we have developed a compound with ability to specifically signal a certain c-MYC G4 DNA structure through a fluorescence light-up mechanism. Despite the compound's two binding sites on the G4 DNA structure, only one of them result in the fluorescence light-up effect. This G-tetrad selectivity proved to originate from a difference in flexibility that affected the binding affinity and tilt the compound out of the planar conformation required for the fluorescence light-up mechanism. The intertwined relation between the presented factors is likely the reason for the lack of examples using rational design to develop compounds with turn-on emission that specifically target certain G4 DNA structures. However, this study shows that it is indeed possible to develop such compounds and present insights into the molecular details of specific G4 DNA recognition and signaling to advance future studies of G4 biology.

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