scholarly journals Many hats: intratrial and reward level-dependent BOLD activity in the striatum and premotor cortex

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 1689-1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Peterson ◽  
Carol A. Seger
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Visuomotor Learning ◽  
Cell Recording ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, as well as lesion, drug, and single-cell recording studies in animals, suggest that the striatum plays a key role in associating sensory events with rewarding actions, both by facilitating reward processing and prediction (i.e., reinforcement learning) and by biasing and later updating action selection. Previous human neuroimaging research has failed to dissociate striatal activity associated with reward, stimulus, and response processing, and previous electrophysiological research in nonhuman animals has typically only examined single striatal subregions. Overcoming both these limitations, we isolated blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal associated with four intratrial processes (stimulus, preparation of response, response, and feedback) in a visuomotor learning task and examined activity associated with each within four striatal subregions (ventral striatum, putamen, head of the caudate nucleus, and body of the caudate) and the lateral premotor cortex. Overall, the striatum and lateral premotor cortex were recruited during all trial components, confirming their importance in all aspects of visuomotor learning. However, the caudate was most active at stimulus and feedback, whereas the putamen peaked in activity at response. Activation in the lateral premotor cortex was, surprisingly, strongest during stimulus and following response as feedback approached. Activity was additionally examined at three reward magnitudes. Reward magnitude affected neural activity only during stimulus in the caudate, putamen, and premotor cortex, whereas the ventral striatum showed reward sensitivity during both stimulus and feedback. Collectively, these results indicate that each striatal region makes a unique contribution to visuomotor learning through functions performed at different points within single trials.

scholarly journals The Effect of Movement Amplitude on Activation in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1209-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Waldvogel ◽  
Peter van Gelderen ◽  
Kenji Ishii ◽  
Mark Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Sensorimotor Area ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
System Movement

To evaluate the effect of movement amplitude on the “blood oxygen level-dependent effect,” the authors studied six normal subjects while they extended their index finger with two different amplitudes, Images were analyzed using SPM96, In five subjects, the signal intensity increase in the primary sensorimotor area was significantly greater with the larger amplitude movement. In other areas of interest (supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, insula, postcentral area, cerebellum), the large-amplitude movement often showed significant activation when the small-amplitude movement did not. The authors conclude that, in studies of the motor system, movement amplitude needs to be controlled.

scholarly journals Reward Enhances Connectivity between the Ventral Striatum and the Default Mode Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Dobryakova ◽  
David V Smith
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Personality Characteristic ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction ◽  
Multiple Regions

One of the central topics in cognitive neuroscience revolves around understanding how responses in the default mode network (DMN) relate to cognitive process and disease states. While there has been many investigations of the intrinsic patterns of activation and connectivity of the DMN with other networks at rest, i.e. when an individual is not engaged in any particular behavior, to truly understand the influence and significance of the DMN activation and connectivity, we must study it in association with a particular process. Reward processing is an integral part of goal-directed behavior that has been shown to rely on the striatum, a subcortical brain region that is connected to multiple regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that belong to the DMN. Yet, it remains unclear how the DMN interacts with the striatum during reward processing. To investigate this issue, we analyzed card-guessing task data of 453 subjects from the Human Connectome Project and applied a novel network-based psychophysiological interaction analysis (nPPI) that quantified reward-dependent connectivity of the DMN. We show that only the DMN exhibits increased connectivity with the ventral striatum (VS) during the receipt of reward. This result was specific to the DMN and the strength of connectivity was associated with the personality characteristic of openness. These findings point to a novel role of the DMN during reward processing, and to the nPPI approach being able to capture a unique contribution of a collection of regions to task performance.

Differential neural correlates of reciprocal activation and cocontraction control in dorsal and ventral premotor cortices

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Haruno ◽  
Gowrishankar Ganesh ◽  
Etienne Burdet ◽  
Mitsuo Kawato
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
The Brain

Efficient control of reciprocal activation and cocontraction of the muscles are critical to perform skillful actions with suitable force and impedance. However, it remains unclear how the brain controls force and impedance while recruiting the same set of muscles as actuators. Does control take place at the single muscle level leading to force and impedance, or are there higher-order centers dedicated to controlling force and impedance? We addressed this question using functional MRI during voluntary isometric wrist contractions with online electromyogram feedback. Comparison of the brain activity between the conditions requiring control of either wrist torque or cocontraction demonstrates that blood oxygen level-dependent activity in the caudo-dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) correlates well with torque, whereas the activity in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) correlates well with the level of cocontraction. This suggests distinct roles of the PMd and PMv in the voluntary control of reciprocal activation and cocontraction of muscles, respectively.

Reward Processing in Adolescents with Depression

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Georgia O’Callaghan ◽  
Argyris Stringaris
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Future Work

The role of aberrant neural processing of rewards in the development of depression has long been proposed. This commentary reviews the reward literature in adolescent depression across imaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography methodologies. When integrating findings across studies, consistent neural abnormalities emerge, expressed as reduced striatal blood oxygen level-dependent responses to anticipation and feedback outcome phases of reward tasks, altered frontostriatal connectivity, and blunted feedback-related negativity potentials. These are observed in current depression but, more importantly, have been found to be predictive of the onset of depression in longitudinal studies with community-based adolescent samples. The evidence for the specificity of these findings to depression is discussed, in addition to a review of intervention work probing this mechanism as it relates to decreases in depressive symptomatology. The chapter makes recommendations for future work that may continue to elucidate this relationship, a greater understanding of which may lead to more targeted and efficacious treatments for depression in adolescence.

scholarly journals Disrupted parahippocampal and midbrain function underlie slower verbal learning in adolescent-onset regular cannabis use

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Blest-Hopley ◽  
Aisling O’Neill ◽  
Robin Wilson ◽  
Vincent Giampietro ◽  
Sagnik Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Neural Underpinnings

Abstract Rationale Prolonged use of cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug worldwide, has been consistently associated with impairment in memory and verbal learning. Although the neurophysiological underpinnings of these impairments have been investigated previously using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while performing memory tasks, the results of these studies have been inconsistent and no clear picture has emerged yet. Furthermore, no previous studies have investigated trial-by-trial learning. Objectives We aimed to investigate the neural underpinnings of impaired verbal learning in cannabis users as estimated over repeated learning trials. Methods We studied 21 adolescent-onset regular cannabis users and 21 non-users using fMRI performed at least 12 h after last cannabis use, while they performed a paired associate verbal learning task that allowed us to examine trial-by-trial learning. Brain activation during repeated verbal encoding and recall conditions of the task was indexed using the blood oxygen level-dependent haemodynamic response fMRI signal. Results There was a significant improvement in recall score over repeated trials indicating learning occurring across the two groups of participants. However, learning was significantly slower in cannabis users compared to non-users (p = 0.032, partial eta-squared = 0.108). While learning verbal stimuli over repeated encoding blocks, non-users displayed progressive increase in recruitment of the midbrain, parahippocampal gyrus and thalamus (p = 0.00939, partial eta-squared = 0.180). In contrast, cannabis users displayed a greater but disrupted activation pattern in these regions, which showed a stronger correlation with new word-pairs learnt over the same blocks in cannabis users than in non-users. Conclusions These results suggest that disrupted medial temporal and midbrain function underlie slower learning in adolescent-onset cannabis users.

scholarly journals Effort, Avolition, and Motivational Experience in Schizophrenia: Analysis of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Data With Relationships to Daily Motivational Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-568
Author(s):  
Adam J. Culbreth ◽  
Erin K. Moran ◽  
Sri Kandala ◽  
Andrew Westbrook ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Effort Allocation ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of

Recent research suggests that schizophrenia is associated with reduced effort allocation. We examined the willingness to expend effort, neural correlates of effort allocation, and the relationship of effort to daily motivational experience in individuals with schizophrenia. We recruited 28 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 control participants to perform an effort task during functional MRI. Individuals with schizophrenia also completed a protocol involving ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Individuals with schizophrenia with severe negative symptoms were less willing to expend effort for rewards. Daily EMAs of motivation were positively associated with effort allocation on a trend level. Individuals with schizophrenia and control participants displayed similar increases in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation in frontal, cingulate, parietal, and insular regions during effort-based decision making. However, negative symptoms were associated with reduced BOLD activation in the bilateral ventral striatum. These results replicate previous reports of reduced effort allocation in patients with severe negative symptoms and provide evidence for the role of the ventral striatum in effort impairments.

scholarly journals Changes in Cortical Activity in Stroke Survivors Undergoing Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy for Treatment of Focal Spasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaleb Vinehout ◽  
Kelsey Tynes ◽  
Miguel R. Sotelo ◽  
Allison S. Hyngstrom ◽  
John R. McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Finger Flexion

Background: Botulinum NeuroToxin-A (BoNT-A) relieves muscle spasticity and increases range of motion necessary for stroke rehabilitation. Determining the effects of BoNT-A therapy on brain neuroplasticity could help physicians customize its use and predict its outcome.Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Botulinum Toxin-A therapy for treatment of focal spasticity on brain activation and functional connectivity.Design: We used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to track changes in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activation and functional connectivity associated with BoNT-A therapy in nine chronic stroke participants, and eight age-matched controls. Scans were acquired before BoNT-A injections (W0) and 6 weeks after the injections (W6). The task fMRI scan consisted of a block design of alternating mass finger flexion and extension. The voxel-level changes in BOLD activation, and pairwise changes in functional connectivity were analyzed for BoNT-A treatment (stroke W0 vs. W6).Results: BoNT-A injection therapy resulted in significant increases in brain activation in the contralesional premotor cortex, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, superior cerebellum, and in the ipsilesional sensory integration area. Lastly, cerebellar connectivity correlated with the Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor impairment before injection, while premotor connectivity correlated with the Fugl-Meyer score after injection.Conclusion: BoNT-A therapy for treatment of focal spasticity resulted in increased brain activation in areas associated with motor control, and cerebellar connectivity correlated with motor impairment before injection. These results suggest that neuroplastic effects might take place in response to improvements in focal spasticity.

scholarly journals Statistical Power or More Precise Insights into Neuro-Temporal Dynamics? Assessing the Benefits of Rapid Temporal Sampling in fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan T Dowdle ◽  
Geoffrey Ghose ◽  
Kamil Ugurbil ◽  
Essa Yacoub ◽  
Luca Vizioli
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a non-invasive and widely used human neuroimaging method, is most known for its spatial precision. However, there is a growing interest in its temporal sensitivity. This is despite the temporal blurring of neuronal events by the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, the peak of which lags neuronal firing by 4 to 6 seconds. Given this, the goal of this review is to answer a seemingly simple question - "What are the benefits of increased temporal sampling for fMRI?". To answer this, we have combined fMRI data collected at multiple temporal scales, from 323 to 1000 milliseconds, with a review of both historical and contemporary temporal literature. After a brief discussion of technological developments that have rekindled interest in temporal research, we next consider the potential statistical and methodological benefits. Most importantly, we explore how fast fMRI can uncover previously unobserved neuro-temporal dynamics - effects that are entirely missed when sampling at conventional 1 to 2 second rates. With the intrinsic link between space and time in fMRI, this temporal renaissance also delivers improvements in spatial precision. Far from producing only statistical gains, the array of benefits suggest that the continued temporal work is worth the effort.

scholarly journals Low-level carbon monoxide exposure affects BOLD FMRI

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Bendell ◽  
Shakeeb H. Moosavi ◽  
Mari Herigstad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Bold Fmri ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Never Smokers

ABSTRACTBlood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) FMRI is a common technique for measuring brain activation that could be affected by low-level carbon monoxide (CO) exposure from e.g. smoking. This study aimed to probe the vulnerability of BOLD FMRI to CO and determine whether it constitutes a significant confound in neuroimaging and clinical trials. Low-level (6ppm exhaled) CO effects on BOLD signal were assessed in 12 healthy never-smokers on two separate experimental days (CO and air control). FMRI tasks were breath-holds (hypercapnia), visual stimulation and fingertapping. CO significantly dampened global BOLD FMRI signal during hypercapnia and visual cortex activation during visual stimulation. During fingertapping, CO reduced visual cortex activation but increased premotor cortex activation. Behavioural and physiological measures remained unchanged. We conclude that BOLD FMRI is vulnerable to CO, possibly through baseline increases in CBF, and suggest exercising caution when imaging populations exposed to elevated CO levels, e.g. with high smoking prevalence.

Normalization of mediotemporal and prefrontal activity, and mediotemporal-striatal connectivity, may underlie antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol in psychosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisling O'Neill ◽  
Robin Wilson ◽  
Grace Blest-Hopley ◽  
Luciano Annibale ◽  
Marco Colizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Study Drug ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Associate Learning

Abstract Background Recent evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating ingredient present in cannabis extract, has an antipsychotic effect in people with established psychosis. However, the effect of CBD on the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying psychosis is unknown. Methods Patients with established psychosis on standard antipsychotic treatment were studied on separate days at least one week apart, to investigate the effects of a single dose of orally administered CBD (600 mg) compared to a matched placebo (PLB), using a double-blind, randomized, PLB-controlled, repeated-measures, within-subject cross-over design. Three hours after taking the study drug participants were scanned using a block design functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm, while performing a verbal paired associate learning task. Fifteen psychosis patients completed both study days, 13 completed both scanning sessions. Nineteen healthy controls (HC) were also scanned using the same fMRI paradigm under identical conditions, but without any drug administration. Effects of CBD on brain activation measured using the blood oxygen level-dependent hemodynamic response fMRI signal were studied in the mediotemporal, prefrontal, and striatal regions of interest. Results Compared to HC, psychosis patients under PLB had altered prefrontal activation during verbal encoding, as well as altered mediotemporal and prefrontal activation and greater mediotemporal-striatal functional connectivity during verbal recall. CBD attenuated dysfunction in these regions such that activation under its influence was intermediate between the PLB condition and HC. CBD also attenuated hippocampal-striatal functional connectivity and caused trend-level symptom reduction in psychosis patients. Conclusions This suggests that normalization of mediotemporal and prefrontal dysfunction and mediotemporal-striatal functional connectivity may underlie the antipsychotic effects of CBD.

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