scholarly journals Representing delayed force feedback as a combination of current and delayed states

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 2110-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Avraham ◽  
Firas Mawase ◽  
Amir Karniel ◽  
Lior Shmuelof ◽  
Opher Donchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Feedback ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Correct Representation ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
The Brain

To adapt to deterministic force perturbations that depend on the current state of the hand, internal representations are formed to capture the relationships between forces experienced and motion. However, information from multiple modalities travels at different rates, resulting in intermodal delays that require compensation for these internal representations to develop. To understand how these delays are represented by the brain, we presented participants with delayed velocity-dependent force fields, i.e., forces that depend on hand velocity either 70 or 100 ms beforehand. We probed the internal representation of these delayed forces by examining the forces the participants applied to cope with the perturbations. The findings showed that for both delayed forces, the best model of internal representation consisted of a delayed velocity and current position and velocity. We show that participants relied initially on the current state, but with adaptation, the contribution of the delayed representation to adaptation increased. After adaptation, when the participants were asked to make movements with a higher velocity for which they had not previously experienced with the delayed force field, they applied forces that were consistent with current position and velocity as well as delayed velocity representations. This suggests that the sensorimotor system represents delayed force feedback using current and delayed state information and that it uses this representation when generalizing to faster movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The brain compensates for forces in the body and the environment to control movements, but it is unclear how it does so given the inherent delays in information transmission and processing. We examined how participants cope with delayed forces that depend on their arm velocity 70 or 100 ms beforehand. After adaptation, participants applied opposing forces that revealed a partially correct representation of the perturbation using the current and the delayed information.

Human Evolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Body ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Complex Systems Theory ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intelligent Activity

The main events and circumstances of human evolution are considered: classification of hominids, first descriptions, localization, chronology; artifacts characterizing their material and cultural activities; modern reconstruction of lifestyle and resettlement; and modern theories explaining the structural features of hominids and the processes of their occurrence. The manifestations of intelligent activity are discussed, in particular, their dependence from the structure of the body, the size, and complexity of the brain, for which comparisons with various animals are made. Particular attention is paid to unresolved or controversial issues. This material is necessary to assess the possibilities of the self-organization of complex systems theory (second chapter): if it adequately models the characteristics of a human's origin, then it can be used to understand the evolution of human mind and in the subsequent period, up to the current state.

scholarly journals Does gravity shape internal representations of space for human 3D perception?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morfoisse Theo ◽  
Herrera Altamira Gabriela ◽  
Angelini Leonardo ◽  
Clément Gilles ◽  
Beraneck Mathieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation ◽  
3D Perception ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Sensory Channel ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Perceptual Distortions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Representations Of Space

AbstractHuman visual 3D perception is flawed by distortions, which are influenced by non-visual factors, such as gravitational vestibular signals. Distinct hypotheses regarding the sensory processing stage at which gravity acts may explain the influence of gravity: 1) a direct effect on the visual system, 2) a shaping of the internal representation of space that is used to interpret sensory signals, or 3) a role in the ability to build multiple, modalityspecific, internal depictions of the perceived object. To test these hypotheses, we performed experiments comparing visual versus haptic 3D perception, and the effects of microgravity on these two senses. The results show that visual and haptic perceptual anisotropies reside in body-centered, and not gravity-centered, planes, suggesting an ego-centric encoding of the information for both sensory modalities. Although coplanar, the perceptual distortions of the two sensory modalities are in opposite directions: depth is visually underestimated, but haptically overestimated, with respect to height and width. Interestingly microgravity appears to amplify the ‘terrestrial’ distortions of both senses. Through computational modeling, we show that these findings are parsimoniously predicted only by a gravity facilitation of cross-modal sensory reconstructions, corresponding to Hypothesis 3. This theory is able to explain not only how gravity can shape egocentric perceptions, but also the unexpected opposite effect of gravity on visual and haptic 3D perception. Overall, these results suggest that the brain uses gravity as a stable reference cue to reconstruct concurrent, modality-specific internal representations of 3D objects even when they are sensed through only one sensory channel.

Specificity of Internal Representations Underlying Grasping

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 2390-2397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iran Salimi ◽  
Ian Hollender ◽  
Wendy Frazier ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Load Force ◽  
Anticipatory Control ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Fingertip Forces

The present study examines anticipatory control of fingertip forces during grasping based on the center of mass (CM) of a manipulated object. Subjects lifted an object using a precision grip while the fingertip forces and the angle about the vertical axis (roll) were measured. The object's CM could be shifted to the left or right of the object's center parallel to the grip axis without changing it's visual appearance. Subjects performed 20 lifts with the CM in the center, left, and right side of the object, respectively. Subjects were instructed to lift the object while preventing it from tilting. Within three to five lifts, subjects were able to asymmetrically partition the load force development before lift-off such that it was higher in the digit opposing the CM. This anticipatory load force partitioning prevented the object from rolling sideways at lift-off. To determine whether the internal representation underlying the anticipatory control is specific to the effectors used to form it, subjects performed five lifts with the right hand with the CM on one side. Following these lifts, they rotated the object 180° around the vertical axis and performed one lift with the same hand or they translated the object to the left side of the body (with or without rotating it) and performed one lift with the left hand. Despite subjects' explicit knowledge of the new weight distribution, they were unable to appropriately scale the load forces at each digit, resulting in a subsequent large roll of the object. The findings suggest that within a few lifts subjects achieve a stable internal representation which accounts for the object's CM and is used to scale the fingertip forces in advance. They also suggest that this representation, which is used for anticipatory control of fingertip forces, is specific to the effectors used to form it. We propose that multiple internal representations may be used during the anticipatory control of grasping.

scholarly journals Pulverizing the Monopoly of Mind: Three Roles of the Body in Cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Akhil Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Computational Process ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
The Doors

For many decades, cognition has been viewed as a computational process in the brain. For cognition, the brain, body and the interaction with the environment are important. Conventional views are inclined towards the existence of discrete and internal representations realised by highly specific mechanisms in the brain. The Embodied approach challenges this view and accepts the evolution of cognitive abilities.  There is a shift in focus from the belief that the brain is solely responsible for cognition to the thought that the body is somehow deeply integrated into cognition. However, it does not deny the central position of the brain in the process of cognition but opens the doors for other factors for integration. At the basic level, there are three ways in which an agent’s body can be utilised for the cognitive process. An agent’s body may help to generate, operate and distribute the cognitive processes. As a result, this approach tries to diminish the monopoly of the brain by taking into account the importance of the body and the environment for cognition.

scholarly journals Body models in humans, animals, and robots: mechanisms and plasticity

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-180
Author(s):  
Matej Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Representations ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Combining Information

Humans and animals excel in combining information from multiple sensory modalities, controlling their complex bodies, adapting to growth or failures, or using tools. The key foundation is an internal representation of the body that the agent—human, animal, or robot—has developed. In the biological realm, evidence has been accumulating in diverse disciplines, giving rise to the concepts of body image, body schema, and others. In robotics, a model of the robot is an indispensable component that enables to control the machine. This chapter compares the character of body representations in biology with their robotic counterparts and relates that to the differences in performance observed. Conclusions are drawn about how robots can inform the biological sciences dealing with body representations and which of the features of the ‘body in the brain’ should be transferred to robots, giving rise to more adaptive and resilient self-calibrating machines.

Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Raychev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Current State ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain

This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.

scholarly journals Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bilirubin Handling by the Blood, Liver, Intestine, and Brain in the Newborn

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1291-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thor W. R. Hansen ◽  
Ronald J. Wong ◽  
David K. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
The Body ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Bilirubin Metabolism ◽  
The Brain

Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism formed during a process that involves oxidation-reduction reactions and conserves iron body stores. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in newborn infants, but rare later in life. The basic physiology of bilirubin metabolism, such as production, transport, and excretion, has been well described. However, in the neonate, numerous variables related to nutrition, ethnicity, and genetic variants at several metabolic steps may be superimposed on the normal physiological hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in the first week of life and results in bilirubin levels that may be toxic to the brain. Bilirubin exists in several isomeric forms that differ in their polarities and is considered a physiologically important antioxidant. Here we review the chemistry of the bilirubin molecule and its metabolism in the body with a particular focus on the processes that impact the newborn infant, and how differences relative to older children and adults contribute to the risk of developing both acute and long-term neurological sequelae in the newborn infant. The final section deals with the interplay between the brain and bilirubin and its entry, clearance, and accumulation. We conclude with a discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of bilirubin neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Flexible prediction of opponent motion with internal representation in interception behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Tsutsui ◽  
Keisuke Fujii ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo ◽  
Kazuya Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Target Motion ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Current State ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Directional Change ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems

AbstractSkilled interception behavior often relies on accurate predictions of external objects because of a large delay in our sensorimotor systems. To deal with the sensorimotor delay, the brain predicts future states of the target based on the current state available, but it is still debated whether internal representations acquired from prior experience are used as well. Here we estimated the predictive manner by analyzing the response behavior of a pursuer to a sudden directional change of the evasive target, providing strong evidence that prediction of target motion by the pursuer was incompatible with a linear extrapolation based solely on the current state of the target. Moreover, using neural network models, we validated that nonlinear extrapolation as estimated was computationally feasible and useful even against unknown opponents. These results support the use of internal representations in predicting target motion, suggesting the usefulness and versatility of predicting external object motion through internal representations.

Infant Cry Detection and Pain Scale Assessment

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sriraam ◽  
S. Tejaswini
Keyword(s):  
Pain Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Infant Cry ◽  
Current State ◽  
Scale Assessment ◽  
Unpleasant Feeling ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Infant Cry Analysis

A biological alarm system that connects mother and new born is referred as infant cry. Infant cry is a first means of communication through which mother understands the level of distress/ needs. Infant cry can be considered a multimodal behavior which involves limb movements, facial expressions which changes over time to identify the needs of an infant. The cry of the baby cannot be predicted accurately and it is hard to identify for what it cries for. The infant's cry is mainly a vocal signal which is a way of communication that aims to get attention of the listener to a physical state like hunger, pain, discomfort, fear, illness, wet diaper etc., .Pain is one of the most common symptoms experienced world over. Pain is an unpleasant feeling that is conveyed to the brain by sensory neurons. The discomfort signals actual or potential injury to the body. This pilot study gives an insight on the current state of works in infant cry analysis and pain scale assessment and also concludes with thoughts about the future directions for better representation and interpretation of infant cry signals.

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