Human Evolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Body ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Complex Systems Theory ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intelligent Activity

The main events and circumstances of human evolution are considered: classification of hominids, first descriptions, localization, chronology; artifacts characterizing their material and cultural activities; modern reconstruction of lifestyle and resettlement; and modern theories explaining the structural features of hominids and the processes of their occurrence. The manifestations of intelligent activity are discussed, in particular, their dependence from the structure of the body, the size, and complexity of the brain, for which comparisons with various animals are made. Particular attention is paid to unresolved or controversial issues. This material is necessary to assess the possibilities of the self-organization of complex systems theory (second chapter): if it adequately models the characteristics of a human's origin, then it can be used to understand the evolution of human mind and in the subsequent period, up to the current state.

scholarly journals Ecstasy from a physiological point of view

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaj Björkqvist
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Study ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Psychosomatic Diseases ◽  
The Brain

The biological study of man is one of today's most rapidly advancing sciences. There is no reason for not utilizing these methodologies of research and the knowledge already gained when studying ecstasy and other similar religious phenomena. Drugs have been used in all parts of the world as an ecstasy technique. Since mental states and physiological correlates always accompany each other, it is obvious that the human mind can be affected by external means, for instance by drugs. But the opposite is also true; mental changes affect the body, as they do in the case of psychosomatic diseases. Ecstasy is often described as an extremely joyful experience; this pleasure must necessarily also have a physiological basis. It is of course too early to say anything for certain, but the discovery of pleasure centres in the brain might offer an explanation. It is not far-fetched to suggest that when a person experiences euphoric ecstasy, it might, in some way or other, be connected with a cerebral pleasure center. Can it be, for example, that religious ecstasy is attained only by some mechanism triggering off changes in the balance of the transmitter substances? Or is it reached only via a change in the hormonal balance, or only by a slowing down of the brain waves, or is a pleasure centre activated? When a person is using an ecstasy technique, he usually does so within a religious tradition. When he reaches an experience, a traditional interpretation of it already exists.

On Craniology

1871 ◽  
Vol 17 (79) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
J. W. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Future Period ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Mental Powers ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
The Brain

There are two classes of men who occupy themselves in observations on mental functions, frequently working widely apart from each other. These are, the metaphysicians, who investigate the phenomena of mind apart from anatomical or physiological facts, and the physiologists, who keep as exclusively to their own labours. Neither of these classes of men have as yet formed any philosophical system of the mental powers, and other functions of the brain; and it may be safely asserted that it is only by a combination of metaphysics and physiology that we can advance any considerable steps in our knowledge. The philosophical Reid, whose greatest disciple was Sir William Hamilton, stated many years ago, in his “Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind,” that they are “so many, so various, and so connected and complicated in most of their operations, that there never has been any division of them proposed which is not liable to considerable objections.” All the classifications made by metaphysicians differ materially from each other, and what was true in Reid's time is true now. We have a different race of metaphysicians from those who flourished years ago, different from Reid, Dugald Stewart, and Brown, but as yet we seem no nearer than we were to a systematic and comprehensive classification of mental faculties, or more properly, of the functions of the brain. I would not say that no progress has been made, for a vast mass of facts has been accumulated, and careful observations have been made, which will be available at some future period for a scientific and philosophical classification.

THE PROBLEM OF LEGISLATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY OF A CRIME PROVIDED FOR BY ART. 159.6 “CYBER FRAUD” OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF FRAUD

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
L. N. Kabanova ◽  
◽  
T. V. Ushakova ◽  
P. A. Kabanov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Body ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Legislative Structure ◽  
Existing Structure ◽  
Core Features

The paper considers the issues related to the legal nature of fraud in the cyber realm; the issues of the legislative structure of the body of a crime provided for by Article 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code. The paper reveals the features of the novelty of the Russian legislation – the elements of cyber fraud as a socially dangerous act, taking into account the possible socially dangerous consequences, the specifics of information relations in the sphere of storage, processing, or transmission of computer information. The authors note that the existing structure of a crime, which is provided for by Art. 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code, and its place in the complex of specific types of fraud, today, are the controversial issues primarily caused by the ways of implementation unique for this act. The paper considers the issue when some mistakes, made while adopting the analyzed norm in 2012, were subsequently corrected by the legislator. The authors study the decisions of judicial practice concerning the problems of classification and delineation of cyber fraud from the related bodies of crimes. As a result of the study, core features of cyber fraud affecting the correct classification of a crime are identified. The authors conclude that the existing legislative structure of the crime provided for by Art. 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code “Cyber Fraud” due to the unique way of commitment, violates the traditional logic of constructing various forms of theft, which causes the comprehensive change in its structure. It is proposed to alter the existing structure of Art. 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code changing the form of embezzlement and its structural arrangement within the criminal law.

scholarly journals Classification of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils on white blood cells using hybrid Alexnet-GoogleNet-SVM

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Çınar ◽  
Seda Arslan Tuncer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Feature Vector ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Svm Model

AbstractWhite blood cells (WBC), which form the basis of the immune system, protect the body from foreign invaders and infectious diseases. While the number and structural features of WBCs can provide important information about the health of people, the ratio of the subtypes of these cells and observable deformations are a good indicator in the diagnostic process. The recognition of cells of the type of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes is critical. In this article, Deep Learning based Hybrid CNN (Convololutional Neural Network) model is proposed for classification of eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils WBCs. The model presented is based on pretrained Alexnet and Googlenet architectures. The feature vector in the last pooling layer of both CNN architectures has been merged, and the resulting feature vector is classified by the Support Vector Machine. To determine the superiority of the proposed method, the classification was also performed and compared using pretrained Alexnet and Googlenet. Hybrid Alexnet-Googlenet-SVM model provides higher accuracy than pretrained Alexnet and Googlenet. The proposed method has been tested with WBC images from Kaggle and LISC database. Accuracy and F1-score were 99.73%, 0.99 and 98.23%, 0.98 for both data sets, respectively.

Classification of Body Position During Muslim Prayer Using the Convolutional Neural Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 2154028
Author(s):  
Vahid Sobhani ◽  
Koorosh Izadi ◽  
Ehsan Manshadi Mokari ◽  
Boshra Hatef
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Body Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
The Brain

Background: Muslim prayer (Namaz) is the most important obligatory religious duty in Islam that is regularly performed five times per day at specific prescribed times by Muslims. Due to the fact that change of body position affects brain activity, Namaz can be considered as a suitable model to assess the effect of quick changes of the body position on brain activity measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Methods: Forty Muslim participants performed a four-cycle Namaz while their brain activity was being recorded using a 14-channel EEG recorder. The brain connectivity (as defined by a mutual correlation between EEG channels in this study) in different frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) was measured in various positions of Namaz including standing, bowing, prostration, and sitting. Results: The results indicated that the delta band demonstrates the most changes in cross-correlation between the recorded channels, and finally, the accuracy of 73.8% was obtained in the data classification.

Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Raychev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Current State ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain

This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.

scholarly journals Karol Wojtyla’s Conception of Personhood from the Perspective of Cognitive Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mariusz Wojewoda
Keyword(s):  
Human Person ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Scholarly Attention

We use the term “person” when we want to point out that human existence is unrepeatable and unique. The assumption that man is a person constitutes a basis for the belief in the dignity, efficacy, and responsibility of the human individual. Karol Wojtyla built his conception of the person in the context of theological and philosophical discussions. Even though Wojtyła’s conception has been given a great deal of scholarly attention, it is worthwhile to juxtapose it with contemporary anthropological theories that derive from cognitive sciences. Cognitivists usually base their theories on biological and sociological premises. Some conclusions arrived at in the area of the cognitive sciences lead to mind-brain reductionism, a theory in which the human being is regarded as a body endowed with the function of the brain and as an entity whose individual traits are shaped by its social and cultural environment. This position undermines the ideas of free will and the substantial singularity of the human person. However, debates with this position have worked out a non-reductionist alternative, a theory known as emergentism. This theory treats the human mind as a distinct faculty, one which emerges as a phase in the brain’s development. Emergentists base their reasoning on the assumptions that the body is a unity and that the mind is not identical with it. It is my belief that emergentism can be fruitfully applied to the dynamic understanding of the person put forward by Wojtyła in the middle of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Representing delayed force feedback as a combination of current and delayed states

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 2110-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Avraham ◽  
Firas Mawase ◽  
Amir Karniel ◽  
Lior Shmuelof ◽  
Opher Donchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Feedback ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Correct Representation ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
The Brain

To adapt to deterministic force perturbations that depend on the current state of the hand, internal representations are formed to capture the relationships between forces experienced and motion. However, information from multiple modalities travels at different rates, resulting in intermodal delays that require compensation for these internal representations to develop. To understand how these delays are represented by the brain, we presented participants with delayed velocity-dependent force fields, i.e., forces that depend on hand velocity either 70 or 100 ms beforehand. We probed the internal representation of these delayed forces by examining the forces the participants applied to cope with the perturbations. The findings showed that for both delayed forces, the best model of internal representation consisted of a delayed velocity and current position and velocity. We show that participants relied initially on the current state, but with adaptation, the contribution of the delayed representation to adaptation increased. After adaptation, when the participants were asked to make movements with a higher velocity for which they had not previously experienced with the delayed force field, they applied forces that were consistent with current position and velocity as well as delayed velocity representations. This suggests that the sensorimotor system represents delayed force feedback using current and delayed state information and that it uses this representation when generalizing to faster movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The brain compensates for forces in the body and the environment to control movements, but it is unclear how it does so given the inherent delays in information transmission and processing. We examined how participants cope with delayed forces that depend on their arm velocity 70 or 100 ms beforehand. After adaptation, participants applied opposing forces that revealed a partially correct representation of the perturbation using the current and the delayed information.

scholarly journals Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bilirubin Handling by the Blood, Liver, Intestine, and Brain in the Newborn

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1291-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thor W. R. Hansen ◽  
Ronald J. Wong ◽  
David K. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
The Body ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Bilirubin Metabolism ◽  
The Brain

Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism formed during a process that involves oxidation-reduction reactions and conserves iron body stores. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in newborn infants, but rare later in life. The basic physiology of bilirubin metabolism, such as production, transport, and excretion, has been well described. However, in the neonate, numerous variables related to nutrition, ethnicity, and genetic variants at several metabolic steps may be superimposed on the normal physiological hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in the first week of life and results in bilirubin levels that may be toxic to the brain. Bilirubin exists in several isomeric forms that differ in their polarities and is considered a physiologically important antioxidant. Here we review the chemistry of the bilirubin molecule and its metabolism in the body with a particular focus on the processes that impact the newborn infant, and how differences relative to older children and adults contribute to the risk of developing both acute and long-term neurological sequelae in the newborn infant. The final section deals with the interplay between the brain and bilirubin and its entry, clearance, and accumulation. We conclude with a discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of bilirubin neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Fanworms: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
María Capa ◽  
Elena Kupriyanova ◽  
João Miguel de Matos Nogueira ◽  
Andreas Bick ◽  
María Ana Tovar-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Invasive Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Species Occurrences ◽  
Uniform Group

Sabellida Levinsen, 1883 is a large morphologically uniform group of sedentary annelids commonly known as fanworms. These annelids live in tubes made either of calcareous carbonate or mucus with agglutinated sediment. They share the presence of an anterior crown consisting of radioles and the division of the body into thorax and abdomen marked by a chaetal and fecal groove inversion. This study synthesises the current state of knowledge about the diversity of fanworms in the broad sense (morphological, ecological, species richness), the species occurrences in the different biogeographic regions, highlights latest surveys, provides guidelines for identification of members of each group, and describe novel methodologies for species delimitation. As some members of this group are well-known introduced pests, we address information about these species and their current invasive status. In addition, an overview of the current evolutionary hypothesis and history of the classification of members of Sabellida is presented. The main aim of this review is to highlight the knowledge gaps to stimulate research in those directions.

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