The Interaction between Motion and Texture in the Sense of Touch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen P. Ryan ◽  
Gemma Carolina Bettelani ◽  
Simone Ciotti ◽  
Cesare V. Parise ◽  
Alessandro Moscatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tactile Stimulus ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Surface Motion ◽  
Spatiotemporal Features ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Perceptual Illusions ◽  
Object Movement ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Shed Light

Besides providing information on elementary properties of objects-like texture, roughness, and softness-the sense of touch is also important in building a representation of object movement, and the movement of our hands. Neural and behavioral studies shed light on the mechanisms and limits of our sense of touch in the perception of texture and motion, and of its role in the control of movement of our hands. The interplay between the geometrical and mechanical properties of the touched objects, such as shape and texture, the movement of the hand exploring the object, and the motion felt by touch, will be discussed in this article. Interestingly, the interaction between motion and textures can generate perceptual illusions in touch. For example, the orientation and the spacing of the texture elements on a static surface induces the illusion of surface motion when we move our hand on it or can elicit the perception of a curved trajectory during sliding, straight hand movements. In this work we present a multiperspective view that encompasses both the perceptual and the motor aspects, as well as the response of peripheral and central nerve structures, to analyze and better understand the complex mechanisms underpinning the tactile representation of texture and motion. Such a better understanding of the spatiotemporal features of the tactile stimulus can reveal novel transdisciplinary applications in neuroscience and haptics.

scholarly journals Human spatial representation: what we cannot learn from the studies of rodent navigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 2453-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mintao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Navigation ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Closing The Loop ◽  
Species Similarity ◽  
Shed Light

Studies of human and rodent navigation often reveal a remarkable cross-species similarity between the cognitive and neural mechanisms of navigation. Such cross-species resemblance often overshadows some critical differences between how humans and nonhuman animals navigate. In this review, I propose that a navigation system requires both a storage system (i.e., representing spatial information) and a positioning system (i.e., sensing spatial information) to operate. I then argue that the way humans represent spatial information is different from that inferred from the cellular activity observed during rodent navigation. Such difference spans the whole hierarchy of spatial representation, from representing the structure of an environment to the representation of subregions of an environment, routes and paths, and the distance and direction relative to a goal location. These cross-species inconsistencies suggest that what we learn from rodent navigation does not always transfer to human navigation. Finally, I argue for closing the loop for the dominant, unidirectional animal-to-human approach in navigation research so that insights from behavioral studies of human navigation may also flow back to shed light on the cellular mechanisms of navigation for both humans and other mammals (i.e., a human-to-animal approach).

scholarly journals Exploratory cell dynamics: a sense of touch for cells?

2018 ◽  
Vol 399 (8) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perihan Nalbant ◽  
Leif Dehmelt
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Directional Migration ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
External Cues ◽  
Dynamic Cell ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

Abstract Cells need to process multifaceted external cues to steer their dynamic behavior. To efficiently perform this task, cells implement several exploratory mechanisms to actively sample their environment. In particular, cells can use exploratory actin-based cell protrusions and contractions to engage and squeeze the environment and to actively probe its chemical and mechanical properties. Multiple excitable signal networks were identified that can generate local activity pulses to control these exploratory processes. Such excitable signal networks offer particularly efficient mechanisms to process chemical or mechanical signals to steer dynamic cell behavior, such as directional migration, tissue morphogenesis and cell fate decisions.

scholarly journals Aluminum Based Metal Matrix Composites Behavioral Studies with Different Reinforcements- A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1816-1822
Author(s):  
Paramjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Transportation Applications

Abstract: Aluminum alloy’s widely employed in transportation applications like: aerospace, aviation, marine and automobile sector due to their good mechanical properties, wear properties, corrosion behavior and high strength to density ratio. The current review article mainly highlights the effects of various reinforcements on mechanical and tribological properties of aluminum based metal matrix composite materials and focuses on the types of different reinforcements. Review revealed that, there is significant improvement in mechanical properties of AMMC’s with different reinforcements as compared to traditional base alloys. The reinforcements may be SiC, TiO2 , Al2O3 , fly ash, B4C, fiber, Zircon are incorporated in the stir casting or other methods. Keywords: AMMC, Reinforcements, Mechanical properties, Stir casting etc.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Impact of Aging Upon the Mechanical Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-165
Author(s):  
Renique Murray
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Aging Period ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

The husk of fresh cocoa pods has traditionally been considered a waste by-product in the production of chocolate and other related confectionaries. However, in recent times new research has shed light on an increasing number ofuses for this material. Of particular interest are applications that utilize the cocoa pod husk (CPH) for its mechanical properties. In most instances, the CPH rawmaterial is allowed to age for several days before pre-processing or utilization in the intended application. Despite this, the impact of aging on its mechanical properties is an area that has not been well investigated. Consequently, this work seeksto determine the impact of aging upon the mechanical properties of CPH. To investigate this, several CPH properties were identified and selected for evaluation. These included CPH tensile strength, CPH compressive strength, cocoapod transverse compressive strength, cocoa pod longitudinal compressive strength, CPH cutting force, cocoa pod cutting force, CPH hardness, and CPHcolour. These properties were subsequently assessed over an aging period of seven days. The results obtained indicated that most CPH mechanical properties vary significantly with aging time. Moreover, CPH colour was found to bestrongly related to the mechanical properties of pod longitudinal compressive strength and CPH hardness, with correlation coefficients of -0.71 and 0.86 respectively. Further, these relationships were found to be strongly linear in natureand regression analyses indicated that up to 83% of the variation in longitudinal compressive strength can be accounted for by changes in colour, hardness andaging time. These results provide the basis for the potential development of image analysis and computer vision approaches to CPH sorting and grading.

Extra strengthening and work hardening in gradient nanotwinned metals

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6414) ◽  
pp. eaau1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Cheng ◽  
Haofei Zhou ◽  
Qiuhong Lu ◽  
Huajian Gao ◽  
Lei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Work Hardening ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Atomistic Simulations ◽  
Gradient Structure ◽  
Mechanical Behaviors ◽  
Unusual Behavior ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Shed Light

Gradient structures exist ubiquitously in nature and are increasingly being introduced in engineering. However, understanding structural gradient–related mechanical behaviors in all gradient structures, including those in engineering materials, has been challenging. We explored the mechanical performance of a gradient nanotwinned structure with highly tunable structural gradients in pure copper. A large structural gradient allows for superior work hardening and strength that can exceed those of the strongest component of the gradient structure. We found through systematic experiments and atomistic simulations that this unusual behavior is afforded by a unique patterning of ultrahigh densities of dislocations in the grain interiors. These observations not only shed light on gradient structures, but may also indicate a promising route for improving the mechanical properties of materials through gradient design.

Structural 3-D Constitutive Model for the Passive Arterial Media and Its Experimental Validation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaniv Hollander ◽  
David Durban ◽  
Xiao Lu ◽  
Ghassan S. Kassab ◽  
Yoram Lanir
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Arterial Tree ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Unloaded State ◽  
Reliable Model ◽  
Biological Reaction ◽  
Shed Light

The mechanical properties of arteries are of essential importance in hemodynamics and blood wave propagation along the arterial tree. They play a pivotal role in determining the local state of micro-stress imposed on the vessel cells and the cells’ consequent biological reaction. The wall is mechanically nonlinear, anisotropic and heterogeneous, and subjected in the unloaded state to residual stress and strain. Reliable model prediction of arterial response under physiological loads and pathological conditions could help clarify their function, and shed light on the processes leading to initiation and progression of diseases and their clinical treatment.

scholarly journals Exploring the structure and mechanics of thin supported inverse bicontinuous cubic phase lipid films

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ridolfi ◽  
Ben Humphreys ◽  
Lucrezia Caselli ◽  
Costanza Montis ◽  
Tommy Nylander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
Lipid Films ◽  
Bicontinuous Cubic ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractInverse bicontinuous cubic phase membranes are ubiquitous in nature but their properties and functions are still not fully understood. To shed light on this topic, we herein realize thin supported cubic phase lipid films, characterize their structure and provide the first study of the mechanical properties of these non-lamellar architectures.

scholarly journals Laminated veneer lumber from spindleless rotary-peeled veneers produced from short rotation, small Hevea plantation logs: Effects of lamination pressure

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6735-6751
Author(s):  
Pui San Khoo ◽  
Kit Ling Chin ◽  
Paik San H'ng ◽  
Chuan Li Lee ◽  
Edi Suhaimi Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sudden Drop ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Conventional Production ◽  
Veneer Surface ◽  
The Common ◽  
Shed Light

The invention of spindleless lathe technology has enabled veneers to be produced from small logs, such as logs from short rotation Hevea plantations, with low recovery loss. However, for structural laminated products, such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL), manufacturers are highly selective regarding the veneers for their conventional production. During the peeling process of small logs (< 18 cm), deeper and higher frequency of lathe checks were induced on veneer surface compared to the common log size used (> 30 cm). In this study, spindleless rotary-peeled veneers made from small rubber logs were processed into LVL using different lamination pressures: 7, 8, 9, and 10 kgf/cm2. The effects of lamination pressures on the physical and mechanical properties of the produced LVL were evaluated. Based on the findings, the specific gravity increased from 0.73 to 0.83 with increased lamination pressure. In terms of mechanical properties, all the values increased with lamination pressure, but with a sudden drop with 10 kgf/cm2. Understanding the effect of lamination pressure on the physical and mechanical properties can shed light on optimizing the usage of spindleless rotary-peeled veneers from small logs for the production LVL and other lamination products.

scholarly journals Non-visual homing and the current status of navigation in scorpions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Danielle Prévost ◽  
Torben Stemme
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Homing Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

AbstractWithin arthropods, the investigation of navigational aspects including homing abilities has mainly focused on insect representatives, while other arthropod taxa have largely been ignored. As such, scorpions are rather underrepresented concerning behavioral studies for reasons such as low participation rates and motivational difficulties. Here, we review the sensory abilities of scorpions related to navigation. Furthermore, we present an improved laboratory setup to shed light on navigational abilities in general and homing behavior in particular. We tracked directed movements towards home shelters of the lesser Asian scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus to give a detailed description of their departure and return movements. To do so, we analyzed the departure and return angles as well as measures of directness like directional deviation, lateral displacement, and straightness indices. We compared these parameters under different light conditions and with blinded scorpions. The motivation of scorpions to leave their shelter depends strongly upon the light condition and the starting time of the experiment; highest participation rates were achieved with infrared conditions or blinded scorpions, and close to dusk. Naïve scorpions are capable of returning to a shelter object in a manner that is directionally consistent with the home vector. The first-occurring homing bouts are characterized by paths consisting of turns about 10 cm to either side of the straightest home path and a distance efficiency of roughly three-quarters of the maximum efficiency. Our results show that neither chemosensation nor vision, but rather path integration based on proprioception, plays a superior role in the homing of scorpions.

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