Effect of feed restriction and subsequent re-alimentation on hormones and genes of the somatotropic axis in cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Keogh ◽  
Sinéad M. Waters ◽  
Alan K. Kelly ◽  
Alastair R. G. Wylie ◽  
David A. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of feed restriction and compensatory growth during re-alimentation on the functionality of the somatotropic axis. We blocked 60 bulls into one of two groups: 1) restricted feed allowance for 125 days ( period 1) (RES, n = 30) followed by ad libitum feeding for 55 days ( period 2) or 2) ad libitum access to feed throughout (ADLIB, n = 30). A growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) challenge was performed during each period. At the end of each period, 15 animals from each treatment were slaughtered and hepatic tissue collected. Hepatic expression of 13 genes of the somatotropic axis was measured by qRT-PCR. RES displayed a lower growth rate during period 1 (0.6 vs. 1.9 kg/day; P < 0.001), subsequently gaining more than ADLIB animals during period 2 (2.5 vs. 1.4 kg/day; P < 0.001). Growth hormone response to GHRH was not different between treatments at either time-point ( P > 0.05); however, resultant plasma IGF-1 was lower in period 1 and greater in period 2 in RES animals ( P < 0.05). Expression of IGFBP2 was higher ( P < 0.01) and IGF1 ( P < 0.001) and GHRIA ( P < 0.05) lower in RES compared with ADLIB during period 1, with no difference evident in period 2 ( P > 0.05). Collectively, the results of this study are consistent with uncoupling of the somatotropic axis following feed restriction. However, there is no evidence from this study that the somatotropic axis per se is a significant contributor to compensatory growth.

Effect of residual feed intake phenotype–nutritional treatment interaction on the growth performance, plasma metabolic variables and somatotropic axis gene expression of growing ewes

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Nie ◽  
Z. Y. Wang ◽  
S. Lan ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
Y. J. Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Nutritional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) phenotype and nutritional treatment interaction on the growth performance, plasma variables and gene expression levels within the somatotropic axis. Growing ewes [n = 52, initial bodyweight (BW) = 17.5 ± 0.5 kg, 2 months of age] were offered ad libitum access to diets for 63 days and ranked based on RFI phenotype. Thirty ewes with the highest and lowest RFI values were selected and randomly assigned to three nutritional treatments based on dry matter intake (DMI), which are ad libitum (AL), low restriction (LR) and high restriction (HR) groups, respectively. Each nutritional treatment group included ewes with high (n = 5) and low RFI (n = 5) values. During nutritional treatment (from Day 64 to Day 138), plasma samples were obtained to measure metabolite and hormone concentrations. Tissues of the hypothalamus, pituitary, liver, and Longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) were harvested at the end of the experiment (Day 138) to measure the gene expression level within the somatotropic axis. Muscle growth hormone receptor mRNA abundance of low RFI ewes tended to be greater (P = 0.09) under AL feeding, but this difference was abolished by underfeeding (P > 0.10). Low RFI ewes under HR treatment showed slightly greater growth performance, which was accompanied with lower pituitary somatostain receptor 2 mRNA abundance (P < 0.05), plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05), and greater concentration of triglyceride (P < 0.05), compared with ewes classified as high RFI group. Our results suggested that ewes categorised as low RFI showed higher resistance to the condition of high feed restriction, which might be attributed to less intensity of fat mobilisation under negative energy balance. The mechanism underlying resistance to such feed restriction was presumably through action of somatostain receptor 2 and was potentially mediated by inhibitory effects of somatostatin on growth hormone release but not basal growth hormone secretion.

Growth-hormone-releasing factor given to early-pregnant Genex-Meishan and Large White gilts: Effects on growth, carcass, meat quality and histochemical traits of the progeny

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Faucitano ◽  
C. Pomar ◽  
C. Gariépy ◽  
C. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Growth Hormone Releasing Factor ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) given in early gestation on post-weaning performance, carcass and meat quality and histochemical properties of two pig genotypes. Large White (LW, n = 10) and Genex Meishan-derived dam line (GM, with 50% Meishan genes, n = 10) gilts were treated during gestation with either saline injections (control, n = 5 LW and 5 GM), or 6.6 µg kg-1 of a GRF analog (n = 5 LW and 5 GM), given thrice daily from days 18 to 33 of gestation. After birth, at 56 d of age, four piglets (two barrows and two gilts) each from 20 litters were selected, allotted into individual pens and grown to slaughter weight (108.2 ± 2.3 kg). Feed intake was measured daily and pigs were weighed weekly. Prenatal GRF treatment had a detrimental effect (P < 0.05) on daily gain in both genotypes, but did not affect carcass quality. Significant interactions between GRF, genotype and sex (P < 0.01) for colour traits of the longissimus (L) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles and between GRF and genotype (P < 0.01) for shear force of the L muscle were found. GM pigs had lower growth rate (P < 0.01), higher feed intake (P < 0.05), fatter and shorter carcass (P < 0.001) than LW. L and SM muscles from GM pigs were less exudative (P < 0.05) than LW. L muscle from LW had higher percentages of slow oxidative (SO) (P < 0.001) and fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) (P < 0.01) fibres but lower percentage of fast glycolytic (FG) fibres (P < 0.001) than that of GM. The results suggest that GRF given in early lactation reduces post-weaning growth of pigs from either breed, but does not affect carcass quality. GM pigs have poorer carcass quality than LW. Key words: Gestating gilts, growth hormone releasing factor, growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality traits, muscle fibre, pig

Growth performance and carcass composition in beef heifers undergoing catch-up (compensatory) growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yambayamba ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Fifty-three Hereford crossbred heifers (211 ± 28 (mean ± SD) kg; 197 ± 13 d of age at day 1) were used to study catch-up growth and its effects on carcass composition. Five heifers were slaughtered on day 1; the remaining 48 were randomly penned in groups of six and assigned to treatments as follows: three pens to ad libitum feeding (target gain > 1.0 kg d−1); three pens to 2 mo of feed restriction (target gain 0.5 kg d−1); followed by realimentation; and two pens to 4 mo of feed restriction (target gain: 2 mo at 0.5 kg d−1 and 2 mo at 0.0 kg d−1) followed by realimentation. Animals from one pen were slaughtered from each treatment after 2 mo, after 4 mo, and at a final slaughter weight of about 410 kg. During the final period (4 mo to slaughter), growth rate was greater (P < 0.05) in the 4-mo than in the 2-mo restricted–realimented animals or the ad-libitum-fed animals (1.91 vs. 1.18 vs. 1.02 kg d−1), respectively. Feed restriction for 2 mo had no significant effect on the composition of the three-rib cut, but 4 mo of feed restriction was associated with significantly lower and higher (P < 0.05) proportions of fat and bone, respectively, in the three-rib cut. Muscle proportion was not affected by treatment. At the final slaughter weight, no significant differences were found among treatments in the tissue proportions of the three-rib cut. It is concluded that 2 or 4 mo of feed restriction, starting at 6 mo of age, has no permanent effect on a heifer's live weight or body composition. Key words: Heifers, feed restriction, realimentation, compensatory growth, carcass composition

Insulin secretion and signaling in response to dietary restriction and subsequent re-alimentation in cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 344-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Keogh ◽  
David A. Kenny ◽  
Alan K. Kelly ◽  
Sinéad M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Insulin Signaling Pathway ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objectives of this study were to examine systemic insulin response to a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and transcript abundance of genes of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle, during both dietary restriction and re-alimentation-induced compensatory growth. Holstein Friesian bulls were blocked to one of two groups: 1) restricted feed allowance for 125 days ( period 1) (RES, n = 15) followed by ad libitum feeding for 55 days ( period 2) or 2) ad libitum access to feed throughout (periods 1 and 2) (ADLIB, n = 15). On days 90 and 36 of periods 1 and 2, respectively, a GTT was performed. M. longissimus dorsi biopsies were harvested from all bulls on days 120 and 15 of periods 1 and 2, respectively, and RNA-Seq analysis was performed. RES displayed a lower growth rate during period 1 (RES: 0.6 kg/day, ADLIB: 1.9 kg/day; P < 0.001), subsequently gaining more during re-alimentation (RES: 2.5 kg/day, ADLIB: 1.4 kg/day; P < 0.001). Systemic insulin response to glucose administration was lower in RES in period 1 ( P < 0.001) with no difference observed during period 2. The insulin signaling pathway in M. longissimus dorsi was enriched ( P < 0.05) in response to dietary restriction but not during re-alimentation ( P > 0.05). Genes differentially expressed in the insulin signaling pathway suggested a greater sensitivity to insulin in skeletal muscle, with pleiotropic effects of insulin signaling interrupted during dietary restriction. Collectively, these results indicate increased sensitivity to glucose clearance and skeletal muscle insulin signaling during dietary restriction; however, no overall role for insulin was apparent in expressing compensatory growth.

Fiber-type proportions and diameters in the longissimus muscle of beef heifers undergoing catch-up (compensatory) growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yambayamba ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Fifty-three Hereford crossbred heifers (211 ± 28(mean ± SD) kg, 197 ± 13 d of age at day 1) were used to study the effects of mild, chronic feed restriction followed by refeeding on some longissimus muscle fiber characteristics. Five animals were slaughtered on day 1 for analysis of initial muscle fiber characteristics. The remaining 48 animals were randomly penned in groups of 6 and assigned to treatments as follows: three pens to ad libitum feeding; three pens to 2 mo of feed restriction followed by refeeding, and two pens to 4 mo of feed restriction followed by refeeding. Animals in one ad libitum and one restricted pen were slaughtered after 2 mo and those in one pen from each treatment after 4 mo, and the remainder at the final slaughter weight of about 410 kg. Two months of feed restriction had no effect on the proportions of longissimus muscle fiber-types, "red" (βR), "white" (αW), and "intermediate" (αR), but fiber diameters were smaller (P < 0.05) in the restricted than in the ad-libitum-fed animals. Four months of feed restriction was associated with a relatively higher (P < 0.05) proportion of βR fibers and lower (P < 0.05) proportion of αW fibers than ad libitum feeding. Muscle fiber diameters were larger (P < 0.05) in the ad-libitum-fed than in the restricted heifers. No significant feeding treatment differences were found in fiber-type proportions or fiber diameters at the final slaughter weight. Key words: Heifers, feed restriction, realimentation, muscle fibers, fiber-type, compensatory growth

scholarly journals Challenging the growing rabbit with a moderately pathogenic E. coli under ad libitum or limited feed intake conditions: impact on digestive physiology, bacterial communities, and on post-weaning growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
M. Martignon ◽  
C. Burel ◽  
D. Licois ◽  
E. Reperant ◽  
G. Postollec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Impact

The impact of a challenge with moderately pathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> O128:C6 on the digestive physiology and gut bacterial community of growing rabbits under two feeding programmes was analysed. Upon weaning (28 d old), 180 rabbits were allocated to four groups (9 cages of 5 rabbits per group) for two weeks: group C100 was non-inoculated and fed <em>ad libitum</em>; C70 was non-inoculated and feed intake was limited to 70% of C100; I100 and I70 were inoculated and fed <em>ad libitum</em> or restricted to 70%, respectively. At the age of 31 d (D0), rabbits were orally inoculated with <em>E. coli</em> (2.2×108 colony forming units/rabbit). The effects of inoculation spiked on D4, with a 28% lower growth rate for I100 than for C100. Limited feed intake reinforced the inoculation’s effects on growth: I70 had a 66% lower growth rate than C70. The morbidity rate peaked at 42% between D4 and D7 for inoculated groups, without significant effect of the feed intake level. <em>E. coli</em> concentration peaked on D5/D6 in the caecum of the I100 and I70 groups. Inoculation reduced by 30% (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) the villus height/crypt depth and villus/crypt area ratios in the ileum, with no significant effect of the intake level. Inoculation was associated with a tenfold increase in serum haptoglobin (<em>P</em>&lt;0.001) for both <em>ad libitum</em> and restricted rabbits. On D5, the inoculation modified the structure of the ileal bacterial community (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), but not that of the caecum. The feed intake level did not affect either the structure or diversity of the bacterial community, both in the ileum and caecum.

The effect of daylength on the growth of lambs 2. Blood concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin, insulin and thyroxine, and the effect of feeding

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Forbes ◽  
P. M. Driver ◽  
Wendy B. Brown ◽  
C. G. Scanes ◽  
I. C. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

ABSTRACT1. The levels of four hormones which might be involved in the control of growth have been measured in the blood of lambs kept in 16 or 8 h daylengths for 4 months in each of two experiments. Under the conditions of these experiments long daylength stimulated growth.2. Prolactin concentration was significantly increased by long day-length and by ad libitum feeding, compared with short daylength and restricted feeding, respectively.3. Growth hormone, insulin and thyroxine concentrations were unaffected by daylength. Ad libitum feeding caused lower growth hormone and higher insulin concentrations than restricted feeding, and growth hormone levels fell after the morning feed.4. Of the hormones measured, prolactin is most worthy of further study as a possible mediator of the effects of long daylength on growth.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION ON BOILER PERFORMANCE: CONFORMATION TRAITS AND ISOMETRY OF GROWN

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
S. N. IBE ◽  
E. N. NWACHUKWU
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Linear Body

The effect of quantitative feed restriction on broiler conformation traits, namely breast width, keel length, thigh width and shank length, and on growth of these linear body structures relative to overall body growth was investigated using two hundred and forty Cobb broiler chicks. Three levels of restriction, namely 5, 10 and 15% of ad libitum intake, were randomly imposed on different groups. Birds restricted-fed in the starter phase of growth were full-fed in the finisher phase, and vice versa. Conformation traits, particularly breast width, keel length- and thigh diameter, were generally more adversely affected by feed restriction in the starter than in the finisher phase. However, there was evidence of compensatory growth for all parameters, except the breast. Feed restriction did not significantly affect the relative growth pattern of the breast, keel and thigh, which was positively allometric, Relative growth of the shank was, however, affected by different levels of restriction.  

scholarly journals Implication of feed restriction during growth period on the growth hormone profiles and morphology ovary of quail hen (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
R.T. Hertamawati ◽  
E. Soedjarwo ◽  
O. Sjofjan ◽  
S Suyadi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Ovarian Morphology ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on growth hormone profiles and ovarian morphology during the growth period. Three hundred 14-day-old quails were used. The quails were maintained on two feeding restriction programs: two dietary regimes based on metabolizable energy (ME), R1 = 2900 kcal/kg and R2 = 2800 kcal/kg, and 3 quantitative feed restriction diets, P0 = 100% ad libitum; P1= 90% ad libitum and P2 = 80%ad libitum (n=300). Each group (n=50) was processed with five replications, 10 birds in each replicate. The change in growth hormone was determined at 28, 35, 42, and 49 days of age, while ovarian morphology was determined at sexual maturity. The results indicated that feed restriction induced a significant increase in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 after re-feeding. There was no significant effect caused by the rationing of metabolizable energy. The number of large yellow follicles was not different between quails fed with 100% ad libitum and 90% ad libitum. However, feed restriction significantly increased the number of small yellow follicles. In conclusion, the feed could be restricted to 90% ad libitum with a 2900 kcal/kg ration of ME and fed during the starter period (14 to 42 days of age) without influencing ovarian morphology in quails.

Measurements of enzyme response with hulless barley-based diets full-fed to Leghorn and broiler chicks or restricted-fed broiler chicks

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott ◽  
M. A. Leslie ◽  
A. Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digesta Viscosity

Broiler chicks fed diets high in soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP; e.g., wheat- and/or barley-based diets) have a higher capacity to ingest, digest and absorb nutrients when diets are supplemented with appropriate NSP enzymes. However, this same enzyme response is typically reduced or non-significant in older birds, Leghorn chicks and turkey poults. We hypothesise that the enzyme response in the latter classes of poultry is reduced because feed intake is lower in comparison to feed intake by broilers. In the present study, the hypothesis that restricted feeding of broilers would reduce the enzyme response typically observed in full-fed broilers was tested. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of hulless barley supplemented or not supplemented with enzyme (Avizyme 1100, Finnfeeds Int, UK). In Study 1, eight sources of hulless barley were included at 80% in each diet and fed to four groups of six male broilers or Leghorn chicks from 4 to 17 d of age. The response to enzyme in hulless barley-based diets by broilers was approximately twofold that of Leghorns for growth and feed intake. The Leghorns had higher digesta viscosity than broilers, although the relative drop in digesta viscosity with enzyme supplementation was equal. In a second study (Study 2) broiler chicks were fed one of four diets (two hulless barley cultivars with or without enzyme) at three feed allotment levels (ad libitum, R1 and R2) from 4 to 21 d of age. The R1 and R2 feed allotments were pre-determined fixed daily feed amounts. Actual feed restriction in the R1 group was only achieved for diets with, but not without, an enzyme. At the lowest feed allotment (R2) actual feed intake of diets with or without enzyme were lower than that recorded for ad libitum fed birds. Study 2 demonstrated that restricted-fed broilers had a lower growth response to enzyme supplementation compared to birds allowed ad libitum intake, in part due to improved retention of energy, either directly in response to feed restriction or because digesta viscosity in diets without enzyme was lowered. Although digesta viscosity of restricted-fed birds was lower, it is still high enough to be considered problematic. In determining feeding value of cereal grains or supplements such as enzymes, especially those directed for use with broilers, it is imperative that a broiler chick bioassay be used and that they have ad libitum access to the diets. Key words: Enzyme, hulless barley, viscosity, feed intake

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