The Ability of Bile to Scavenge Superoxide Radicals and Pigment Gallstone Formation in Guinea Pigs

After partial ligation of the common bile duct (CBD) of guinea pigs, 14 of 16 animals developed pigment gallstones within one week (S group). Intraperitoneal injection of Vit. E and C, each 10 mg/kg daily from 3 days before CBD ligation to one week after the operation (S+V group), decreased the gallstone incidence to 5/14 (exact probability<0.01). The gallstone incidence in the control group, that only received laparotomy without ligation of the CBD, was 0/15. Biochemical analysis of the gallbladder bile showed that stricture of the CBD was associated with a significant increase in levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) and Ca2+ (p<0.05 and <0.01). Simultaneously the scavenging rate (SR) of superoxide radical in bile significantly decreased (p<0.05). Comparing S+V group with S group, the effect of Vit. E and C on the concentrations of UCB and Ca2+ in bile was not significant (both p>0.05), but Vit. E and C normalized the SR, and the difference between S group and S+V group was significant (p<0.05). These results suggested that Vit. E and C, known as antioxidants, enhanced the ability to scavenge oxygen radical in S+V group; and that in addition to the increases of UCB and Ca2+ concentrations, the participation of oxygen radicals might be of importance for pigment gallstone formation induced by bile duct obstruction.

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Melatonin Prevents Pigment Gallstone Formation Induced by Bile Duct Ligation in Guinea Pigs

Hepatology ◽

10.1053/jhep.2000.16332 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 455-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Shu-Chu Shiesh ◽

Chiung-Yu Chen ◽

Xi-Zhang Lin ◽

Zher-Ann Liu ◽

Hui-Chen Tsao

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Bile Duct Ligation ◽

Gallstone Formation ◽

Duct Ligation ◽

Pigment Gallstone

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Antioxidant Enzyme Levels Inversely Covary with Hearing Loss After Amikacin Treatment

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1715718 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 14 (03) ◽

pp. 134-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James J. Klemens ◽

Robert P. Meech ◽

Larry F. Hughes ◽

Satu Somani ◽

Kathleen C.M. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Auditory Brainstem ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Brainstem Response ◽

The Difference

This study's purpose was to determine if a correlation exists between cochlear antioxidant activity changes and auditory function after induction of aminoglycoside (AG) ototoxicity. Two groups of five 250-350 g albino guinea pigs served as subjects. For 28 days, albino guinea pigs were administered either 200 mg/kg/day amikacin, or saline subcutaneously. Auditory brainstem response testing was performed prior to the first injection and again before sacrifice, 28 days later. Cochleae were harvested and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase activities and malondialdehyde levels were measured. All antioxidant enzymes had significantly lower activity in the amikacin group (p ≤ 0.05) than in the control group. The difference in cochlear antioxidant enzyme activity between groups inversely correlated significantly with the change in ABR thresholds. The greatest correlation was for the high frequencies, which are most affected by aminoglycosides. This study demonstrates that antioxidant enzyme activity and amikacin-induced hearing loss significantly covary.

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Impaired cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying incriminated in spontaneous “black” pigment gallstone formation in germfree Swiss Webster mice

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 308 (4) ◽

pp. G335-G349 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephanie E. Woods ◽

Monika R. Leonard ◽

Joshua A. Hayden ◽

Megan Brunjes Brophy ◽

Kara R. Bernert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gallstone Formation ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Black Pigment ◽

Gallbladder Motility ◽

Gallbladder Emptying ◽

Low Grade ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Pigment Gallstones ◽

Pigment Gallstone

“Black” pigment gallstones form in sterile gallbladder bile in the presence of excess bilirubin conjugates (“hyperbilirubinbilia”) from ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, or induced enterohepatic cycling (EHC) of unconjugated bilirubin. Impaired gallbladder motility is a less well-studied risk factor. We evaluated the spontaneous occurrence of gallstones in adult germfree (GF) and conventionally housed specific pathogen-free (SPF) Swiss Webster (SW) mice. GF SW mice were more likely to have gallstones than SPF SW mice, with 75% and 23% prevalence, respectively. In GF SW mice, gallstones were observed predominately in heavier, older females. Gallbladders of GF SW mice were markedly enlarged, contained sterile black gallstones composed of calcium bilirubinate and <1% cholesterol, and had low-grade inflammation, edema, and epithelial hyperplasia. Hemograms were normal, but serum cholesterol was elevated in GF compared with SPF SW mice, and serum glucose levels were positively related to increasing age. Aged GF and SPF SW mice had deficits in gallbladder smooth muscle activity. In response to cholecystokinin (CCK), gallbladders of fasted GF SW mice showed impaired emptying (females: 29%; males: 1% emptying), whereas SPF SW females and males emptied 89% and 53% of volume, respectively. Bilirubin secretion rates of GF SW mice were not greater than SPF SW mice, repudiating an induced EHC. Gallstones likely developed in GF SW mice because of gallbladder hypomotility, enabled by features of GF physiology, including decreased intestinal CCK concentration and delayed intestinal transit, as well as an apparent genetic predisposition of the SW stock. GF SW mice may provide a valuable model to study gallbladder stasis as a cause of black pigment gallstones.

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Laparoscopic Primary Closure of Common Bile Duct Combined with Percutaneous Cholangiographic Drainage for Treating Choledocholithiasis

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481007600521 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 517-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shing-Moo Huang ◽

Chung-Chin Yao ◽

Ya-Wen Cheng ◽

Ling-Yun Chen ◽

Huichin Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Common Bile Duct ◽

Primary Closure ◽

Operation Time ◽

Tube Placement ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

T Tube ◽

Cbd Stones ◽

The Common

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic primary closure of the common bile duct (CBD) combined with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic drainage (PTCD) and laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with T-tube placement for the treatment of CBD stones. Between January 1991 and July 2002, 50 patients with choledocholithiasis and a CBD diameter larger than or equal to 1 cm underwent laparoscopic CBD explorations. The study group consisted of 10 patients undergoing laparoscopic primary closure of the CBD combined with PTCD. The control group consisted of 40 patients undergoing laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with T-tube placement. Parameters were compared statistically. The study group showed higher female/male ratio (6/4 vs 8/32, P = 0.02), less stone numbers (1.90 ± 0.88 vs 3.40 ± 1.65, P = 0.0078), shorter operation time (138 ± 37 minutes vs 191 ± 75 minutes, P = 0.014), and shorter postoperative stays (7 ± 3 days vs 10 ± 3 days, P = 0.0013). It seems that laparoscopic primary closure of the CBD combined with PTCD can shorten the operation time and postoperative stays as compared with laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with T-tube placement for the treatment of CBD stones.

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Large Foreign Body as a Nidus for a Common Duct Stone in a Patient Without Spontaneous Biliary Enteric Fistula or Previous Abdominal Surgery

HPB Surgery ◽

10.1155/1993/51546 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 235-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Francesco Cetta ◽

Francesco Lombardo ◽

Stelio Rossi

Keyword(s):

Foreign Body ◽

Bile Duct ◽

Abdominal Surgery ◽

Common Duct ◽

Brown Pigment ◽

Enteric Fistula ◽

Previous Abdominal Surgery ◽

Pigment Gallstone ◽

The Common ◽

Biliary Enteric Fistula

We report a case of a brown pigment gallstone, which formed around a phytobezoar in the common bile duct, in a patient without spontaneous biliary enteric fistula or previous abdominal surgery. A brief comment on the possible origin of the phytobezoar in this case and on the pattern of deposition of brown material over a pre-existent nidus is also presented.

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Effect of irradiation on guinea pig ABR thresholds

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988910700610.1 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 107 (6_part_1) ◽

pp. 763-768 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. Scott Greene ◽

Neil A. Giddings ◽

John T. Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pigs ◽

Auditory Brainstem ◽

Control Group ◽

Hearing Thresholds ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Brainstem Response ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Temporal Bones

A significant number of patients undergo Irradiation to the temporal bone for malignancies. Conflicting reports exist regarding the effects of irradiation on hearing thresholds. Although radiation-induced otitis media and osteoradionecrosis of the ossicles with resultant conductive hearing loss are well-documented, there is disagreement regarding the effect of irradiation on sensorineural hearing. Previous animal models, relying only on behavioral tests and reflex thresholds, have failed to reveal consistent threshold shifts after irradiation. However, with the advent of auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, a reliable objective measurement of hearing in animals is available. Hearing thresholds were determined bilaterally by ABR testing in 21 albino guinea pigs. The left temporal bones of sixteen animals were then Irradiated with a total dose ranging from 5750 to 7000 cGy over 7 weeks. The right ears of these animals, plus both ears of five nonlrradlated guinea pigs, served as controls. Follow-up threshold ABRs were obtained immediately post-irradlation (RT), and at 6 and 12 months post-RT. Average thresholds in all groups increased over time: 60 dB in the control group; 53 dB in the control ears of the Irradiated animals; and 46 dB in the Irradiated ears. There were no statistically significant increases in ABR thresholds for Irradiated ears vs. control ears. At the 6-month followup, hearing was actually better in the Irradiated ears than the control ears and this difference between ears was significantly greater than the difference at baseline ( p < 0.026). Overall, there was no evidence that irradiation produces changes in ABR thresholds.

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Possible Protective Effect of Onion Supplementation on Hepatic Functional and Structural Alterations Induced by Cholestasis

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa065.003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

A A Mohamed ◽

D A Saad ◽

M M Francis ◽

F A Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Common Bile Duct ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Direct Bilirubin ◽

Hepatic Tissue ◽

Control Group ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Tnf Α ◽

The Common

Abstract Background Cholestasis is the obstruction or the reduction in bile flow that results in intrahepatic accumulation of bile constituents, which progresses to develop liver pathology. Common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rodents is an experimental model of cholestasis that has been carried out in research for many years. BDL model of cholestatic liver injury involves other mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory or antiapoptotic properties gained much interest for the amelioration of liver dysfunction. Aim the aim of this study is to assess the possible protective effects of onion supplementation on hepatic structural and functional alterations induced by BDL in rats, which reflect the effects of cholestasis resulting from intrahepatic accumulation of bile. Methods Thirty adult female Wistar rats were randomly and equally allocated into three groups: (1) control group, (2) BDL group; subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and (3) Onion-supplemented BDL groups (O-BDL). Both control and BDL groups received distilled water (solvent for onion powder) daily by gavage for 4 weeks. Onion-supplemented BDL group (O-BDL); subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and then received 500 mg/kg of onion powder dissolved in distilled water, daily by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, total proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hepatic tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured for all groups. In addition, histopathological examination of liver tissue samples was performed for the three groups. Results Plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-α and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-β were significantly increased and TAC was significantly decreased in the BDL group compared to the control group. In addition, altered architecture was detected in hepatic tissue samples of BDL group. Onion supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-α and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-β in the O-BDL group when compared to the BDL group. Total proteins level was not significantly different among all the studied groups. In addition in O-BDL group, histopathological examination of liver revealed near normal structure of hepatic tissue. Conclusion BDL induces hepatic structural alterations and functional disturbances. Onion supplementation inhibits inflammation and oxidative insults that associate BDL, and subsequently protects against BDL-induced liver injury.

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Acute Cholangitis following Intraductal Migration of Surgical Clips 10 Years after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/504295 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natalie E. Cookson ◽

Reza Mirnezami ◽

Paul Ziprin

Keyword(s):

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽

Bile Duct ◽

Rare Complication ◽

Acute Cholangitis ◽

Gallstone Formation ◽

Quadrant Pain ◽

Surgical Clips ◽

Surgical Clip ◽

Symptomatic Gallstones ◽

The Common

Background. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents the gold standard approach for treatment of symptomatic gallstones. Surgery-associated complications include bleeding, bile duct injury, and retained stones. Migration of surgical clips after cholecystectomy is a rare complication and may result in gallstone formation “clip cholelithiasis”.Case Report. We report a case of a 55-year-old female patient who presented with right upper quadrant pain and severe sepsis having undergone an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy 10 years earlier. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed hyperdense material in the common bile duct (CBD) compatible with retained calculus. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed appearances in keeping with a migrated surgical clip within the CBD. Balloon trawl successfully extracted this, alleviating the patient’s jaundice and sepsis.Conclusion. Intraductal clip migration is a rarely encountered complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy which may lead to choledocholithiasis. Appropriate management requires timely identification and ERCP.

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Neuroglobin in Neurons of the Frontal and Parietal Cortex of White Rats in Cholestasis

Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology ◽

10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-1-24-29 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 24-29

Author(s):

S. V. Emel'yanchik ◽

O. A. Karnyushko ◽

S. M. Zimatkin

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Common Bile Duct ◽

Parietal Cortex ◽

Pyramidal Neurons ◽

White Male ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

White Rats ◽

The Common ◽

Cytophotometric Analysis

The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution and content of neuroglobin in the pyramidal neurons of the frontal and parietal cortex of white rats during simulated cholestasis.Material and methods. The study included 60 outbred white male rats weighed 200–250 g. Cholestasis was simulated by ligation of the common bile duct in the porta hepatis area (main group, n=30). Animals of the control group (n=30) were performed a false operation preserving physiological bile outflow. Sections of the frontal and parietal cortex of white rats were selected for investigation. The content and distribution of neuroglobin was detected immunohistochemically on paraffin sections using mouse monoclonal primary antibodies Anti- Neuroglobin antibody (Abcam). Cytophotometric analysis was used to perform quantitative assessment of the content of the studied molecular marker; after that statistical analysis was performed.Results. It was found that the content of neuroglobin in the pericarions of neurons of the frontal and parietal cortex modified in a wave-like mode. After ligation of the common bile duct, the content of neuroglobin significantly decreased in 2, 10 and 45 days (minimum on the 10th day) in the frontal cortex and in 90 days in the parietal cortex, and increased in 5 and 20 days of the experiment (maximum on the 20th day).Conclusion. In cholestasis, the content of neuroglobin in the pericarions of neurons of the frontal and parietal cortex modifies in waves: a decrease is observed on the 2nd, 10th, 45th day; an increase is observed on the 5th and 20th day; a recovery is observed on the 90th day.

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Comparison of laparotomic omentopexy vs. laparoscopic abomasopexy treatments of left displaced abomasum in dairy cows under field conditions: biochemical analysis

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb202089030209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 209-216

Author(s):

Tomáš Haloun ◽

Radko Rajmon ◽

Dalibor Řehák ◽

Helena Hartlová ◽

Zuzana Ptáčková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Biochemical Profile ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Haptoglobin Concentration ◽

The Difference

The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the effects of the two methods (laparoscopic or laparotomic) of LDA (left displaced abomasum) correction under field conditions by means of survival rate and biochemical profile evaluation. Holstein cows from one farm with LDA over a 20-month period were included in the study. Cows underwent laparoscopic abomasopexy (Janowitz’s method, LS) or a laparotomic right flank omentopexy (Dirksen’s method, LT). Blood samples for biochemical analysis were taken just prior to surgery (D1) and on days 10 (D10) and 30 (D30) following surgery. Blood profiles of healthy cows identified from the farm’s routine transition cow monitoring program were used as control (C). Aiming to minimize disruptive effects of quite a long period of data collection, the cows’ biochemical profile was evaluated in three orthogonal comparisons: LS cows vs. control group, LT cows vs. control group, and LS cows vs. LT cows. The rate of animal survival was similar for both methods (loss of about 11% until 30 days after treatment). Most of the blood parameters from LS and LT groups were comparable in all three sampling terms indicating continual organism recovery. At D10 the difference of higher cholesterol concentration and lower haptoglobin concentration were favourable for the LS group (P < 0.05). Total protein, calcium, magnesium and albumin showed more positive dynamics in the LS group too. This proves previous laboratory and clinical indices of expediency of LDA laparoscopy treatment under field conditions.

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