scholarly journals 20 Years of Research on Socioeconomic Inequality and Children's—Unintentional Injuries Understanding the Cause-Specific Evidence at Hand

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Laflamme ◽  
Marie Hasselberg ◽  
Stephanie Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Unintentional Injuries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Fall Injuries

Injuries are one of the major causes of both death and social inequalities in health in children. This paper reviews and reflects on two decades of empirical studies (1990 to 2009) published in the peer-reviewed medical and public health literature on socioeconomic disparities as regards the five main causes of childhood unintentional injuries (i.e., traffic, drowning, poisoning, burns, falls). Studies have been conducted at both area and individual levels, the bulk of which deal with road traffic, burn, and fall injuries. As a whole and for each injury cause separately, their results support the notion that low socioeconomic status is greatly detrimental to child safety but not in all instances and settings. In light of variations between causes and, within causes, between settings and countries, it is emphasized that the prevention of inequities in child safety requires not only that proximal risk factors of injuries be tackled but also remote and fundamental ones inherent to poverty.

scholarly journals Injuries are not accidents: Towards a culture of prevention

2014 ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Bonilla-Escobar ◽  
Maria Isabel Gutierrez Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Common Misconception ◽  
Chance Events ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Culture Of Prevention ◽  
Vital Element

Injuries are the result of an acute exposure to exhort of energy or a consequence of a deficiency in a vital element that exceeds physiological thresholds resulting threatens life. They are classified as intentional or unintentional. Injuries are considered a global health issue because they cause more than 5 million deaths per year worldwide and they are an important contributor to the burden of disease, especially affecting people of low socioeconomic status in low- and middle-income countries. A common misconception exists where injuries are thought to be the same as accidents; however, accidents are largely used as chance events, without taken in consideration that all these are preventable. This review discusses injuries and accidents in the context of road traffic and emphasizes injuries as preventable events. An understanding of the essence of injuries enables the standardization of terminology in public use and facilitates the development of a culture of prevention among all of us.

scholarly journals Educational Responses to Socioeconomic Inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bures
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
Financial Burdens

Socioeconomic inequality continues to be a major concern both internationally and within Canada. Educational outcomes for children are one of the key areas affected by this reality. Schools are considered institutions responsible for promoting the social mobility of children. However, due to increasing social, political, and economic disparities among families, schools have redesigned themselves to ensure this idea persists. This paper examines how parental inconsistencies, lack of supportive home environments, and financial burdens associated with low socioeconomic status families have a negative influence on children’s educational outcomes. It investigates why schools have become concerned with implementing programs to help alleviate the effects of socioeconomic inequalities on children and their families. A discussion of the various strategies schools have put in place to integrate struggling children, families, and communities is included. Issues arise in regard to how these programs will be funded, who is responsible for these children within schools, and recommendations going forward. School boards need to be allocated more funding and support from macro level institutions such as the government and health boards if they hope to find a solution.

scholarly journals Parental Knowledge on car Safety for Children: An Israeli Survey

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Hemmo-Lotem ◽  
Jacob Urkin ◽  
Liri Endy-Findling ◽  
Joav Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Safety Behavior ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
The Family ◽  
Car Safety

The objective of this study was to assess the level of parental car safety knowledge and actual behavior regarding their children under the age of 15 years. This study forms part of the National Center for Child Safety and Health in Israel (Beterem) program to examine awareness on child safety. Seven hundred and five Jewish families with at least one child at home younger than 15 years (a total of 1,345 children) were used as a randomized sample of the Jewish population. A telephone survey was conducted by professional interviewers using a questionnaire developed by injury prevention specialists consisting of seven knowledge questions and a diagram that described the usual seating positions and restraining method of the family members in the family car. Concerning knowledge about injury prevention, the rate of incorrect answers was high,64% in regard to the proper car seats for age and 84% in regard to the age for booster seats. Sixty five per cent of parents did not know what a booster seat was and 54% did not know that the proper place for children was in the back seat. The average of incorrect answers was 4.86 out of 7 (SD=1.45) correlated with low socioeconomic status. Concerning care safety behavior 60% per cent of babies and 38% of toddlers were not restrained properly. This study should alert planners and policy makers to the need of implementation of educational prevention programs for the Israeli public of parents concerning car safety for children in order to reduce childhood injury.

scholarly journals A retrospective study of causes, management, and complications of pediatric facial fractures

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ehsan Ul Haq ◽  
Abdul Samad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Open Reduction Internal Fixation ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Facial Fractures ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Fall Injuries ◽  
Study Results

ABSTRACT Objectives: The objective of this study was to report causes, management options, and complications of facial fractures among children. Materials and Methods: The groups were defined on the basis of age, gender, cause of injuries, location, and type of injuries. The treatment modalities ranged from no intervention, closed reduction alone or with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were generated by using SPSS software for the entire range of the variables under study. Results: Records of 240 pediatric patients were obtained and a total of 322 fractures were found among a study sample. Among these, one-thirds were due to road traffic accidents (RTAs) (37.26%) and fall injuries (36.64%), making them the leading causes of facial fractures. Mandibular fractures were the most common and they accounted for 46% (n = 148) of all fractures. The highest number of RTA (n = 27) was found in adolescents and fall injuries were more prevalent in preschool children (n = 34). Forty-two percent of the fractures (n = 101) were treated with close treatment using arch bars and splints, followed by ORIF (n = 68). The rest, 29.6% (n = 71), received conservative treatments. Postoperative complications were observed in 18.33% (n = 44) of cases, of which jaw deviation, growth disturbance, and trismus were more frequently encountered. Conclusion: Pediatric facial fractures if not managed properly can cause severe issues; therefore, injury prevention strategies should be strictly followed to reduce pediatric injuries in low socioeconomic countries.

Socioeconomic Disparities Affect Prefrontal Function in Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1106-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Kishiyama ◽  
W. Thomas Boyce ◽  
Amy M. Jimenez ◽  
Lee M. Perry ◽  
Robert T. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparity ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Prefrontal Function ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Direct Measures

Social inequalities have profound effects on the physical and mental health of children. Children from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds perform below children from higher SES backgrounds on tests of intelligence and academic achievement, and recent findings indicate that low SES (LSES) children are impaired on behavioral measures of prefrontal function. However, the influence of socioeconomic disparity on direct measures of neural activity is unknown. Here, we provide electrophysiological evidence indicating that prefrontal function is altered in LSES children. We found that prefrontal-dependent electrophysiological measures of attention were reduced in LSES compared to high SES (HSES) children in a pattern similar to that observed in patients with lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence that social inequalities are associated with alterations in PFC function in LSES children. There are a number of factors associated with LSES rearing conditions that may have contributed to these results such as greater levels of stress and lack of access to cognitively stimulating materials and experiences. Targeting specific prefrontal processes affected by socioeconomic disparity could be helpful in developing intervention programs for LSES children.

Low-socioeconomic Status Students Organizing around Class on Campus

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 512-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Selective Colleges ◽  
Low Ses Students

While scholars have developed stronger understandings of challenges facing low-socioeconomic status (SES) students, there has been very little examination of students’ advocacy on their own behalves. The last 10 years have seen a substantial and rapid increase in low-SES students organizing campus groups to provide safe space, activism, and/or education around class inequality at selective and highly selective colleges and universities. By utilizing literature on other student activist movements, I make two contributions. First, I extend the existing work on student activism to include a contemporary and growing movement around socioeconomic inequality that is—unlike many previous campus movements—largely operating independently of a broader, noncampus social movement. Second, I detail the challenges students face in seeking changes on their own campuses, which I argue are both specific to their roles as activists and also exacerbated, in many cases, by their positions as low-SES students. These findings, therefore, help to further illuminate the ways that socioeconomic inequality is maintained on college campuses over time and also to highlight a growing campus-based social movement.

scholarly journals Mandibular Fractures in Iraq: An Epidemiological Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwan Bede
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Closed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of the mandibular fractures relating to gender, age, the etiology of injury, and the rendered treatment modalities and complications. The data of the patients who sustained mandibular fractures were retrieved and were analyzed retrospectively, and based on these data a descriptive analysis was conducted. A total of 112 patients were included in this study; the most common cause was road traffic accidents (RTAs) followed by assaults and missile injuries. The most frequently involved age group was 11 to 20 years, treatment modalities included conservative, closed reduction and indirect fixation, and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in 11.6, 79.5, and 8.9% of the cases, respectively. Most of the major complications were injury related. This study showed RTAs to be the most frequent cause followed by assaults, it also showed that a high percentage of assault victims were females mainly of low socioeconomic status. Another distinguishing feature in this study was the high incidence of missile injuries in the form of bullets and blasts. Closed reduction still has an important role in the treatment of fractures of mandible especially when the necessary equipments for ORIF are not readily available. A higher complication rate was observed in patients diagnosed with multiple and comminuted fractures as well as those caused by violence in the form of missile and assault injuries.

Adolescent Suicidality as Seen in Rural Northeastern Uganda

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Kinyanda ◽  
Ruth Kizza ◽  
Jonathan Levin ◽  
Sheila Ndyanabangi ◽  
Catherine Abbo
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Suicidal behavior in adolescence is a public health concern and has serious consequences for adolescents and their families. There is, however, a paucity of data on this subject from sub-Saharan Africa, hence the need for this study. Aims: A cross-sectional multistage survey to investigate adolescent suicidality among other things was undertaken in rural northeastern Uganda. Methods: A structured protocol administered by trained psychiatric nurses collected information on sociodemographics, mental disorders (DSM-IV criteria), and psychological and psychosocial risk factors for children aged 3–19 years (N = 1492). For the purposes of this paper, an analysis of a subsample of adolescents (aged 10–19 years; n = 897) was undertaken. Results: Lifetime suicidality in this study was 6.1% (95% CI, 4.6%–7.9%). Conclusions: Factors significantly associated with suicidality included mental disorder, the ecological factor district of residence, factors suggestive of low socioeconomic status, and disadvantaged childhood experiences.

The Perspective of Older Men With Depression on Suicide and Its Prevention in Primary Care

Crisis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Vannoy ◽  
Mijung Park ◽  
Meredith R. Maroney ◽  
Jürgen Unützer ◽  
Ester Carolina Apesoa-Varano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Depression Treatment ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Background: Suicide rates in older men are higher than in the general population, yet their utilization of mental health services is lower. Aims: This study aimed to describe: (a) what primary care providers (PCPs) can do to prevent late-life suicide, and (b) older men's attitudes toward discussing suicide with a PCP. Method: Thematic analysis of interviews focused on depression and suicide with 77 depressed, low-socioeconomic status, older men of Mexican origin, or US-born non-Hispanic whites recruited from primary care. Results: Several themes inhibiting suicide emerged: it is a problematic solution, due to religious prohibition, conflicts with self-image, the impact on others; and, lack of means/capacity. Three approaches to preventing suicide emerged: talking with them about depression, talking about the impact of their suicide on others, and encouraging them to be active. The vast majority, 98%, were open to such conversations. An unexpected theme spontaneously arose: "What prevents men from acting on suicidal thoughts?" Conclusion: Suicide is rarely discussed in primary care encounters in the context of depression treatment. Our study suggests that older men are likely to be open to discussing suicide with their PCP. We have identified several pragmatic approaches to assist clinicians in reducing older men's distress and preventing suicide.

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