scholarly journals Normal Thymic Size and Low Rate of Infections in Human Donor Milk Fed HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants from Birth to 18 Months of Age

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthe Lisbeth Jeppesen ◽  
Annette Kjær Ersbøll ◽  
Tine Ursula Hoppe ◽  
Susanne Dam Nielsen ◽  
Niels Henrik Valerius
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Human Donor ◽  
Donor Milk ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Exposed Uninfected

Objective. To evaluate the immune function in HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU) infants fed human donor milk.Methods. Ultrasound-obtained thymic index (Ti), T-lymphocyte subsets, and the number of infections were examined from birth to 18 months of age in 18 HIV-EU infants. The infants were compared to a cohort of 47 term, HIV-unexposed breastfed or formula-fed infants.Results. The thymic size at 12 months of age was not significantly different between the HIV-EU group and the control infants (P=0.56). At 4 months of age, the HIV-EU infants had significantly fewer infections than the control infants (P<0.001). Furthermore, in the control group, the infants exclusively breastfed at 4 months of age had significantly fewer infections at 8 months when compared to age-matched formula-fed infants (P=0.001).Conclusion. HIV-EU infants fed human donor milk have normal growth of thymus and contract fewer infections than other healthy infants. This finding along with fewer infections in exclusively breastfed infants compared to formula-fed infants supports the beneficial effect of human milk on the immune system. We suggest, when breastfeeding is not possible, that providing human donor milk to vulnerable groups of infants will be beneficial for their maturing immune system.

scholarly journals The Immune System of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahaa Abu-Raya ◽  
Tobias R. Kollmann ◽  
Arnaud Marchant ◽  
Duncan M. MacGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Exposed Uninfected

scholarly journals Association of maternal and infant inflammation with neurodevelopment in HIV-exposed uninfected children in a South African birth cohort

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatum Sevenoaks ◽  
Catherine J. Wedderburn ◽  
Kirsten A. Donald ◽  
Whitney Barnett ◽  
Heather J. Zar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Exposed Uninfected ◽  
Serum Inflammatory Markers

ABSTRACTHIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children may have altered immune regulation and poorer neurodevelopment outcomes compared to their HIV-unexposed (HU) counterparts. However, studies investigating the association of maternal and infant inflammation with neurodevelopment in HEU children are limited and longitudinal data are lacking. This study investigated serum inflammatory markers in HIV-infected vs. uninfected women during pregnancy and in their children, as well as associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years of age in an African birth cohort study. A sub-group of mother-child dyads from the Drakenstein Child Health Study had serum inflammatory markers measured at ≈26 week’s gestation (n=77 HIV-infected mothers; n=190 HIV-uninfected mothers), at 6-10 weeks (n=63 HEU infants and n=159 HU infants) and at 24-28 months (n=77 HEU children and n=190 HU children). Serum inflammatory markers [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] were analyzed with a multiplex bead array and ELISA assays. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition, was used to assess neurodevelopment at 24-28 months. After correcting for multiple comparisons, HIV-infection during pregnancy was associated with lower serum levels of inflammatory markers in mothers at 26 weeks gestation (GM-CSF and MMP9, p<0.05) and HEU children at 6-10 weeks (IFN-γ and IL-1β, p<0.01), and at 24-28 months (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-4, p<0.05) compared to HIV-uninfected mothers and HU children. In HEU infants at 6-10 weeks, inflammatory markers (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-1P, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and NGAL, all p<0.05) were associated with poorer motor function at two years of age. This is the first study to evaluate the associations of follow-up immune markers in HEU children with neurodevelopment. These findings suggest that maternal HIV infection is associated with immune dysregulation in mothers and their children through two years of age. An altered immune system in HEU infants is associated with poorer follow-up motor neurodevelopment. These data highlight the important role of the immune system in early neurodevelopment and provide a foundation for future research.

scholarly journals Killer-Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors (KIR) in HIV-Exposed Infants in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kagoué Simeni Luc-Aimé ◽  
Yindom Louis-Marie ◽  
Loni Ekali Gabriel ◽  
Clauvis Kunkeng Yengo ◽  
F. Esemu Livo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Killer Cell ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Kir Genes ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Exposed Uninfected

The biological reason(s) behind persistent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV (albeit at reduced rate compared to the preantiretroviral therapy era) in spite of the successful implementation of advanced control measures in many African countries remains a priority concern to many HIV/AIDS control programs. This may be partly due to differences in host immunogenetic factors in highly polymorphic regions of the human genome such as those encoding the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) molecules which modulate the activities of natural killer cells. The primary aim of this study was to determine the variants of KIR genes that may have a role to play in MTCT in a cohort of infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon. We designed a cross-sectional study to molecularly determine the frequencies of 15 KIR genes in 14 HIV-exposed infected (HEI), 39 HIV-exposed/uninfected (HEU), and 27 HIV-unexposed/uninfected (HUU) infants using the sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) method. We found that all 15 KIR genes were present in our cohort. The frequency of KIR2DL1 was significantly higher in the unexposed (control) group than in the HIV-exposed group ( OR = 0.22 , P = 0.006 ). Stratifying analysis by infection status but focusing only on exposed infants revealed that KIR2DL5, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DS5 were significantly overrepresented among the HIV-exposed/uninfected compared to infected infants ( OR = 0.20 , P = 0.006 ). Similarly, the frequencies of KIR2DS1, KIR2DS5, and KIR2DL5 were significantly different between infants perinatally infected with HIV (HIV+ by 6 months of age) and HIV-negative infants. Our study demonstrates that KIR genes may have differential effects with regard to MTCT of HIV-1.

scholarly journals Linking Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases to Immune System Abnormalities among HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Ruck ◽  
Brian A. Reikie ◽  
Arnaud Marchant ◽  
Tobias R. Kollmann ◽  
Fatima Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Exposed Uninfected

scholarly journals HIV-exposed uninfected children: a growing population with a vulnerable immune system?

2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Afran ◽  
M. Garcia Knight ◽  
E. Nduati ◽  
B. C. Urban ◽  
R. S. Heyderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Exposed Uninfected ◽  
Growing Population

scholarly journals The Relationships between HIV-1 Infection, History of Methamphetamine Use Disorder, and Soluble Biomarkers in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
T. Walter ◽  
Jennifer Iudicello ◽  
Debra Cookson ◽  
Donald Franklin ◽  
Bin Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hiv 1

Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is highly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH) and is a significant public health problem. HIV and METH use are each associated with immune system dysfunction; however, the combined effects on the immune system are poorly understood. This cross-sectional project measured soluble immune biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from a control group, people with a history of a METH use disorder (METH+), PWH with no history of METH use disorder (HIV+), and PWH with a history of METH use disorder (HIV+/METH+). HIV, METH, and immune dysfunction can also be associated with affective and cognitive deficits, so we characterized mood and cognition in our participants. Two factor analyses were performed for the plasma and CSF biomarkers. Plasma IL-8, Ccl2, VEGF, and 8-isoprostane loaded onto one factor that was highest in the HIV+/METH+ group (p < 0.047) reflecting worse inflammation, vascular injury, and oxidative stress. This plasma factor was also negatively correlated with delayed recall (R = −0.49, p = 0.010), which was worst in the HIV+/METH+ group (p = 0.030 compared to the control group). Overall, these data implicate that combined HIV-1 infection and METH use may exacerbate inflammation, leading to worse cognition.

scholarly journals Effect of consumption of animal milk compared to infant formula for non-breastfed/mixed-fed infants 6–11 months of age: a systematic review (protocol)

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e046370
Author(s):  
Aamer Imdad ◽  
Julie Melissa Ehrlich ◽  
Joseph Catania ◽  
Emily Tanner-Smith ◽  
Abigail Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Animal Milk

IntroductionPrevalence rates of breastfeeding remain low even though the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months of life in combination with appropriate complementary feeding beyond six 6 months of age. There have been several studies that address the implication of drinking animal milk and/or infant formula on children’s health and development when breast feeding is not offered during the first year of life. Vast improvements have been made in infant formula design, which may increase its benefits compared with animal’s milk. The objective of this review is therefore to synthesise the most recent evidence on the effects of the consumption of animal milk compared with infant formula in non-breastfed or mixed breastfed infants aged 6–11 months.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed the effect of animal milk compared with formula or mixed-fed (breastmilk and formula) on infants aged 6–11 months. The primary outcomes of interest include anaemia, gastrointestinal blood loss, weight for age, height for age and weight for height. We will include randomised and non-randomised studies with a control group. We will use the Cochrane risk of bias tools to assess the risk of bias. We will use meta-analysis to pool findings if the identified studies are conceptually homogenous and data are available from more than one study. We will assess the overall quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.Ethics and disseminationThis is a systematic review, so no patients will be directly involved in the design or development of this study. The findings from this systematic review will be disseminated to relevant patient populations and caregivers and will guide the WHO’s recommendations on formula consumption versus animal milk in infants aged 6–11 months.Trial registration numberCRD42020210925.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Mobile phone use on adherence to Nevirapine prophylaxis and retention in care among the HIV-exposed infants in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian M. N. Kebaya ◽  
Dalton Wamalwa ◽  
Nyambura Kariuki ◽  
Bashir Admani ◽  
Philip Ayieko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background HIV is a major contributor to infant mortality. A significant gap remains between the uptake of infant and maternal antiretroviral regimens and only a minority of HIV-exposed infants receives prophylaxis and safe infant feeding. Losses to follow-up of HIV-exposed infants are associated with shortcomings of facility-based PMTCT models with weak community support of linkages. Use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for improving care and promoting retention assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments for the mother-baby pairs and achievement of an HIV-free generation. The objective of this study was to compare self-reported adherence to infant Nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis and retention in care assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments over 10 weeks in HIV exposed infants randomized to 2-weekly mobile phone calls (intervention) versus no phone calls (control). Methods In this open label randomized controlled study, one hundred and fifty HIV infected women drawn from 3 health facilities in Western Kenya and their infants were randomly assigned to receive either phone-based reminders on PMTCT messages or standard health care messages (no calls) within 24 h of delivery. Women in the intervention arm continued to receive fortnightly phone calls. At 6- and 10-weeks following randomization we collected data on infant adherence to Nevirapine, mode of infant feeding, early HIV testing and retention in care in both study arms. All analyses were intention to treat. Results At 6 weeks follow-up, 90.7% (n = 68) of participants receiving phone calls reported adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis, compared with 72% (n = 54) of participants in the control group (p = 0.005). Participants in the intervention arm were also significantly more likely to remain in care than participants in the control group [78.7% (n = 59) vs. 58.7% (n = 44), p = 0.009 at 6 weeks and 69.3% (n = 52) vs. 37.3% (n = 28), p < 0.001 at 10 weeks]. Conclusions These results suggest that phone calls are potentially an important tool to improve adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis and retention in care for HIV-exposed infants. Trial registration PACTR202007654729602. Registered 6 June 2018 - Retrospectively registered, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3449

scholarly journals Allergic diseases influence symptom severity and T lymphocyte subgroups of children with tic disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. jim-2021-001788
Author(s):  
Xiumei Liu ◽  
Xueming Wang ◽  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Ai hua Cao
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Tic Severity ◽  
Immune Cell Subpopulations ◽  
Cell Subpopulations

Tic disorders (TD) are childhood-onset neurological disorders. Immune system dysregulation has been postulated to play a role in TD, and its mechanisms likely involve dysfunctional neural-immune cross-talk, which ultimately leads to altered maturation of the brain pathways that control different TD clinical manifestations and behavioral and emotional damages. Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between TD and allergies and overactive immune responses at a systemic level. In this study, the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale was taken as a global measure of tic severity. Compared with the control group, the group of children with TD plus allergic diseases displayed significantly increased Yale total scores (p<0.05), which suggests that children with TD plus allergic diseases have heavier tic symptoms. Both motor and vocal tic scores are higher in the group of children with TD plus allergy compared with the control group. We counted immune cell subpopulations using FACS. T lymphocyte subset comparison of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD4:CD8 expression ratios revealed that the level of CD3, CD4, and CD4:CD8 in children with TD plus allergic diseases was significantly lower than those of children with TD without allergic diseases. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) and suggest that children with TD plus allergic diseases have imbalanced T lymphocyte subsets. We concluded that allergy increased the severity of TD through an imbalance in cellular immunity. Studies need to be done to show whether treatment of allergic symptoms leads to a decrease in TD manifestations.

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