scholarly journals Detection of Rabies Antigen in the Saliva and Brains of Apparently Healthy Dogs Slaughtered for Human Consumption and Its Public Health Implications in Abia State, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Mshelbwala ◽  
A. B. Ogunkoya ◽  
B. V. Maikai
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The study was carried out in eight dogs slaughtering outlets within four Local Government Areas of the State for the determination of rabies antigen in the saliva and brain of apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption. A total of one hundred (100) samples each of saliva and brain were collected before and after slaughter, respectively, between April to June, 2013, in the selected areas. The saliva was subjected to rapid immune-chromatographic test (RICT) while direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) was carried out on the brain samples. Structured questionnaire was administered to nineteen (19) dog meat processors comprising 18 males and 1 female in the selected areas. Sixty four percent of the samples tested were from female dogs while 36% were from males, 5% tested positive for rabies antigen with the use of both tests; there was no statistical association between sex and rabies status of the dogs sampled (P>0.05). Butchers bitten during the course of slaughtering were 94.7% out of which 72.8% utilized traditional method of treatment and only 27.8% reported to the hospital for proper medical attention. This study has established the presence of rabies antigen in apparently healthy dogs in the study area.

scholarly journals Retrospective study of dog bites and cases of rabies virus infected dogs in slaughter houses in Makurdi, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
P.M. Ikye-Tor ◽  
J.K. Kwaga ◽  
G.S.N. Kia ◽  
J.U. Umoh ◽  
T.J. Ikye-Tor
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
Healthy Dogs

This study was carried out to obtain a 16-year retrospective data on dog bites/suspected dog rabies cases and to determine the prevalence of rabies antigen in the brains of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Makurdi, Benue State. Data for retrospective studies (2003 - 2018) of dog bite/suspected rabies cases was collected from both government and private veterinary clinics in Makurdi while dog brain samples were collected from the dog slaughter slab at the mammy market in Makurdi. A total of 139 dog bite/suspected rabies cases were reported between January, 2003 and December, 2018 in the veterinary clinics with majority (55.3%) of the victims being children less than 16-years old. Only 18 (12.2%) of the offending dogs were quarantined at the time of bite, 11 of which died in quarantine. Five samples from the dogs that died in quarantine were later confirmed positive for rabies at the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria. Of the 464 brain samples collected from the slaughter slab, 52 (11.2%) tested positive for rabies antigen through the direct fluorescent antibody technique. The presence of rabies antigen in apparently healthy dogs may serve as a source of spread of the virus to the public as most people do not regard bites from healthy dogs as possible exposures. There is need for public health awareness on the health challenges posed by dog bites especially on the possibility of developing rabies from such bites, and the need to promptly report every bite so that proper medical attention can be given. With the world looking at eliminating canine mediated rabies by the year 2030, mass enlightenment programmes regarding rabies and its prevention in Makurdi is strongly recommended to help achieve this goal. Keywords: Bites, Dogs, Rabies, Makurdi, Nigeria, Retrospective

scholarly journals Morphologic and Immunoperoxidase Study of Neurologic Lesions in Naturally Acquired Rabies of Raccoons

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Hamir ◽  
G. Moser ◽  
C. E. Rupprecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Spinal Cord Regions ◽  
Trigeminal Nerves ◽  
The Brain

Histopathologic (hematoxylin and eosin [HE]) and immunoperoxidase (streptavidin-biotin complex) methods were used for examination of formalin-fixed tissues of rabid raccoons from an enzootic area of Pennsylvania. Extensive morphologic lesions of rabies encephalitis were present in the cerebrum and the brain stem regions. Negri bodies were detected by both methods and were present in the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brain stem, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord) and in the ganglia of the trigeminal nerves. The viral inclusions were also seen in ganglion cells in the tongue, parotid salivary glands, pancreas, intestines, and adrenal glands. These sites were not associated with any inflammatory cellular infiltrate. The immunoperoxidase method was superior to HE for the detection of Negri bodies. Because lesions of rabies encephalitis were consistently observed in the cerebrum, brain stem, and cervical spinal cord regions, these areas of the brain should be included when raccoons are examined by the fluorescent antibody test for rabies.

Diagnostics value of neurospecific proteins in patients with meningiomas

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
A. S. KURAKINA ◽  
◽  
N. A. SHCHELCHKOVA ◽  
I. V. MUKHINA ◽  
V. N. GRIGORYEVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Radical Removal ◽  
Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Subtotal Removal ◽  
Meningioma Surgery ◽  
Operation Results ◽  
The Brain

The purpose was to study the diagnostic value of the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in patients with meningiomas before and after surgery. Material and methods. The study involved 70 patients with meningiomas and 62 healthy people. The examination of the patients included clinical and neurological examination, determination of BDNF and GDNF (R&D Systems, USA) content in blood plasma using enzyme immunoassay performed before the surgery and 5–6 days after meningioma surgery. The totality of meningioma removal was determined intraoperatively, which was then confirmed by control neuroimaging a day after the operation. Results. BDNF level less than 2038,6 PG/ml allows diagnosing the characteristic of meningiomas changes with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 44%. GDNF level more than 3.1 PG/ml allows diagnosing the meningioma-related changes in the brain with sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 51%. The plasma level of BDNF in patients after subtotal removal of meningioma on 5–6 days after surgery significantly increased, compared with the preoperative value, p = 0,01. The plasma concentration of GDNF in patients with meningiomas after radical removal of the tumor significantly decreased compared to its preoperative lever, p = 0,01. Conclusion. To summarize, our data show that none of the investigated markers is suitable to substitute histological diagnosis. However, measurement of circulating BDNF and GDNF before and after surgery may be a support to diagnose the totality of meningioma removal.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. among horses in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoel Junqueira Maciel Ribeiro ◽  
Marina Helena Figueredo Rosa ◽  
Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn ◽  
Adriana de Mello Garcia ◽  
Christiane Maria Barcellos Magalhães da Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Sarcocystis Neurona ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract The present study used the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to determine the seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp., and evaluated the variables associated with these infections among 506 apparently healthy horses, reared in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study was conducted between April 2012 and October 2013. Among the horses, the true prevalence of S. neurona was 26% (95% CI: 22.0-30.4%), T. gondii 19.9% (95% CI: 15.5-24.8%) and Neospora spp. 23.9% (95% CI: 19.9-28.1%); and among the farms, 88.3% (95% CI: 74.4-91.6%), 71.6% (95% CI: 41-92.8%) and 85% (95% CI: 70.7-96.1%), respectively. Regarding mixed infection, 17 horses (3.4%) were seropositive for both S. neurona and T. gondii, 16 (3.2%) for T. gondii and Neospora spp. and 14 (2.8%) for S. neurona and Neospora spp. The associations between seropositivity and variables relating to the structure of the farm, management and health were analyzed using the logistic regression analysis, through the generalized estimating equations (GEE). The results suggest that the south of Minas Gerais is an enzootic area for S. neurona, T. gondii and Neospora spp. among horses, with prevalence of asymptomatic subclinical or chronic infections.

Rabies-like neuronal inclusions in a dog with meningoencephalomyelitis and neuritis of unknown origin

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e000759
Author(s):  
Ian Keith Hawkins ◽  
Daniel R Rissi ◽  
Anibal G Armién ◽  
Rebecca Penrose Wilkes ◽  
Eman Anis
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Eosinophilic Inclusions ◽  
The Brain

A four-year-old intact female pointer dog from a hunting plantation in South Georgia, USA, developed acute neurological signs. The referring veterinarian suspected rabies or pseudorabies; the dog was euthanased and submitted to the Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory for necropsy. No gross anatomical changes were present. Portions of brain were submitted for rabies virus fluorescent antibody test with a negative result. Histopathology revealed a marked lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with numerous intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions within neurons, still raising concerns for rabies meningoencephalitis. Rabies immunohistochemistry was then performed on the brain, yielding a negative result. Brain samples were also negative for canine distemper virus and herpesvirus (pan-herpesvirus primers) PCR. Electron microscopy did not reveal viral particles within the inclusions. Similar intraneuronal pseudoinclusions have been previously reported in non-rabid dogs and cats. Such inclusions are a diagnostic challenge, especially in animals with central neurological signs and/or meningoencephalitis.

scholarly journals Use of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Diagnosis of Rabies Virus in Bats

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Charles E. Rupprecht ◽  
Lolita I. Van Pelt ◽  
April D. Davis ◽  
Richard B. Chipman ◽  
David L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Suspect Case

Rabies, a zoonotic encephalitis due to transmission of a lyssavirus, such as rabies virus (RABV), has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. A global program for the elimination of human rabies caused by dogs is proposed for realization by 2030. Sensitive, specific, and inexpensive diagnostic tests are necessary for enhanced surveillance to detect infection, inform public health and veterinary professionals during risk assessments of exposure, and support overall programmatic goals. Multiple laboratory techniques are used to confirm a suspect case of rabies. One method for the detection of lyssavirus antigens within the brain is the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT), using light microscopy, and suitable for use under field conditions. Besides dogs, other major RABV reservoirs reside among mammalian mesocarnivores and bats. To date, use of the dRIT has been applied primarily for the diagnosis of RABV in suspect mesocarnivores. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the dRIT to the diagnosis of rabies in bats, compared to the gold-standard, the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT). Brains of 264 suspect bats, consisting of 21 species from Arizona and Texas, were used in the evaluation of the dRIT. The overall sensitivity of the dRIT was 100% (0.969–1.0, 95% CI) and the specificity was 94.6% (0.896–0.976, 95% CI), comparable to the DFAT. This preliminary study demonstrated the utility of the dRIT in the confirmation of RABV infection in bats. Future studies should include additional geographic, lyssavirus, and mammalian species representations for broader application during enhanced rabies surveillance, with incorporation of any potential adjustments to standard protocols, as needed.

Mechanisms of glycolysis and bioenergy state of cells at the stages of cardiosurgical interventions in patients with hypoxic — ischemic impairments of the brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Mankovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Artificial Circulation ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Bioenergetic Metabolism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Oxidative Homeostasis

Objective — to study the features of bioenergetic provision of oxidative homeostasis (OH) in patients with hypoxic‑ischemic brain lesions (HIBL) before and after cardiac surgery (CS) using artificial circulation (AC). Methods and subjects. Clinical and biochemical studies were performed in 38 patients, including 14 with ischemic stroke, 15 with encephalopathy, and 9 with severe cognitive dysfunction. Results. Analysis of metabolic indicators of glycolysis activity and energy homeostasis of cells before and after CS revealed the patterns of changes in the disorganization of glycolysis mechanisms, intensification of anaerobic mechanisms while limiting the energy supply of cells. The obtained data confirm the formation of specific postoperative metabolic provision of bioenergy in patients with CS, which should be considered as one of the triggers of HIBL and individualization of antioxidant cerebroprotection in the preoperative period, taking into account the state of bioenergetic metabolism of cells and the dominant mechanisms of glycolysis. Conclusions. Preoperative antioxidant cerebroprotection as a means of prevention of hypoxic‑ischemic brain lesions during cardiac surgery using artificial circulation should be based on the determination of bioenergetic and metabolic reserves, the depletion of which by antioxidant drugs suppression should not be considered, as activation of anaerobic glycolysis at simultaneous metabolic suppression of mitochondrial bioenergetics is a factor of formation or aggravation of ischemic lesions of brain.  

scholarly journals Prevalence of rabies antigen in brain tissue of slaughtered dogs and public health factors associated with dog processing in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Brain Tissues

Introduction: Detection of rabies antigen in brain tissues of slaughtered dogs for human consumption could be an interface in rabies transmission from slaughtered dogs to the processors. This study determined the presence of rabies antigen in brain tissues of slaughtered dogs for human consumption in Billiri, Gombe State and the public health factors associated with dog processing in the study area. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the presence of rabies antigen in 118 brain tissues of slaughtered dogs using direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) and Pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered to 56 dog processors to assess possible public health risks factors associated with dog processing in the study area. Results: Result revealed 9 (7.6%) of dog brain tissues were positive for rabies antigen. Dogs sourced from Borno had higher prevalence 11.4%, than Yobe and Gombe with 7.7% and 7.0% respectively. Out of the 56 respondents involved in the study, 38 (67.9%) were bitten by dogs and none received post-exposure vaccination against rabies. There was statistically significant (p < 0.05) association between the nerve tissue splashing, cuts incurred during dog processing and dog bite. Majority 51 (91.1%) of the respondents’ preferred traditional method of bite wound treatment following dog bite. Significance: The presence of rabies antigen detected in slaughtered dogs poses risks of exposure to dog processors in Billiri, Gombe State. There is need for adequate public health education on rabies prevention and anti-rabies vaccination of all dog processors in the area.

scholarly journals Antibodies reactive with Bartonella henselae and Ehrlichia canis in dogs from the communal lands of Zimbabwe

2004 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Kelly ◽  
G. Nic Eoghain ◽  
D. Raoult
Keyword(s):  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Antibody Assays ◽  
Communal Lands ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The prevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Ehrlichia canis were determined in sera from 228 dogs in 5 communal lands of Zimbabwe, areas where traditional subsistence agro-pastoralism is practised. The sera were collected from apparently healthy dogs during routine rabies vaccination programmes and tested with indirect fluorescent antibody assays using B. henselae (Houston-I) and E. canis (Oklahoma) as antigens. We found reactive antibodies (>1:80) against B. henselae in 14 % of the dogs tested. Seropositive animals were found in Bikita (41 %; 17/42), Omay (13 %; 6/48), Chinamora (5 %; 2/38) and Matusadona (15 %; 7/48). No seropositive dogs were found in Chiredzi (0 %; 0/52). Antibodies reactive with E. canis (>1:80) were found in 34%of the dogs tested, from Bikita (88 %; 37/42), Chiredzi (31 %; 16/52), Omay (17 %; 8/48), Chinamora (26 %; 10/38) and Matusadona (15 %; 7/48). Our survey shows dogs in the communal lands of Zimbabwe are frequently exposed to E. canis and B. henselae or closely related species. Further studies are indicated to determine the pathogenicity of the organisms infecting these dogs and their clinical significance.

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