scholarly journals Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Rabies: Recent Advances

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reeta Subramaniam Mani ◽  
Shampur Narayan Madhusudana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

Rabies, an acute progressive, fatal encephalomyelitis, transmitted most commonly through the bite of a rabid animal, is responsible for an estimated 61,000 human deaths worldwide. The true disease burden and public health impact due to rabies remain underestimated due to lack of sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods. Rapid diagnosis of rabies can help initiate prompt infection control and public health measures, obviate the need for unnecessary treatment/medical tests, and assist in timely administration of pre- or postexposure prophylactic vaccination to family members and medical staff. Antemortem diagnosis of human rabies provides an impetus for clinicians to attempt experimental therapeutic approaches in some patients, especially after the reported survival of a few cases of human rabies. Traditional methods for antemortem and postmortem rabies diagnosis have several limitations. Recent advances in technology have led to the improvement or development of several diagnostic assays which include methods for rabies viral antigen and antibody detection and assays for viral nucleic acid detection and identification of specific biomarkers. These assays which complement traditional methods have the potential to revolutionize rabies diagnosis in future.

scholarly journals Optimize Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Suspect Cases by Likelihood Ratio of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Yangchun
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Posterior Probability ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Antibody Tests

ObjectiveTo optimize clinical laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 from suspect cases by Likelihood Ratio of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody.MethodsBy reinterpreting the data in the article “Diagnostic Value of Combined Detection of Serum 2019 novel coronavirus IgM and IgG Antibodies in novel coronavirusin Infection”, the positive likelihood ratio of IgM and IgG antibody in diagnosis of COVID-19 (nucleic acid positive patients) was calculated, and the posterior probability of IgM and IgG antibodies and their tandem detection to diagnose was finally calculated.ResultsThe positive likelihood ratios of single IgM and IgG antibody were 18.50 and 12.65 respectively, and the posterior probabilities were 90.18% and 86.26% respectively. However, the posterior probability of the two antibodies tandem detection is 99.15%, which can give clinicians quantitative confidence in the diagnosis of COVID-19 from suspected cases. According to the results of this study, combining the advantages and disadvantages of nucleic acid detection and antibody detection, the clinical pathway for clinicians to diagnose COVID-19 is found.ConclusionFor suspected cases, IgM and IgG antibody tests should be firstly done at the same time. If the antibody tests are all positive, COVID-19 can be confirmed. If not, nucleic acid detection (one or more times) is performed, and in extreme cases, high-throughput viral genome sequencing is performed.

scholarly journals Ultrafast Preliminary Screening of COVID-19 by Machine Learning Analysis of Exhaled NO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Lei Sun ◽  
Dong Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Current diagnostic methods mainly include nucleic acid detection, antibody detection, antigen detection, and chest computed tomography (CT) imaging. Although these methods are crucial for the diagnosis of COVID-19, there is a lack of a rapid and economical method for preliminary screening COVID-19.Methods We measured the FeNO concentrations of 103 subjects without COVID-19 and 46 patients with COVID-19. Using machine learning (ML) method, we build a ML model based on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration and features of age, and body size for rapid preliminary screening COVID-19 suspects with low-cost.Findings The statistical analysis t-test show that there is a significant difference between the FeNO of healthy people and patients with COVID-19. The ML model can screen out the patients with COVID-19 or other diseases, which show abnormal FeNO distributions. An area under the curve of 0.982 and a sensitivity 0.917 have been achieved for preliminary screening COVID-19 suspects. This non-invasive detection method which takes in two minutes and costs less than a dollar could provide a direction for the control of the rapid spread COVID-19.Interpretation During the COVID-19 pandemic, large numbers and extensive testing of COVID-19 patients remains a problem. Public healthy efforts to limit SARS-CoV-2 spread need to find a more economical and faster screening method.

scholarly journals Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Jianhua Liu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Rui Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Epidemic Area

AbstractBackgroundPneumonia caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. Then it has been reported in more than 20 countries and regions overseas rapidly. More than eighty thousand cases have been infected, resulting in more than three thousand deaths. Due to the limitation of nucleic acid detection, many clinical suspected cases cannot be diagnosed in time.MethodsWe used automated chemiluminescent immunoassay to detect serum IgM and IgG antibodies to 2019-nCoV of 736 subjects including confirmed Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, non-COVID-19 fever patients, other disease patients and medical staff as well as healthy people. The dynamic process of antibody production in COVID-19 disease progression were analyzed, and the value of antibody detection in the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 were evaluated.ResultsCOVID-19 patients were becoming reactive(positive) for specific anti-2019-nCoV IgM antibodies from 7-12 days after the onset of morbidity, followed closely by the IgG. The levels of specific IgM and IgG antibodies increased with the progression of the disease. The trend of IgM and IgG changes in different cases is not exactly the same. The levels of IgM and IgG and their distributions in different groups were different with that of healthy people. The areas under the ROC curves for IgM and IgG to diagnose COVID-19 were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively.ConclusionsSpecific IgM or IgG antibody detection had good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of suspected fever cases. Detection of specific antibodies in patients with fever can be a good distinction between COVID-19 and other diseases in low epidemic area.

scholarly journals Ultrafast Screening of COVID-19 by Machine Learning Analysis of Exhaled NO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Lei Sun ◽  
Dong Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Disease Costs ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Multiple Orders

Abstract A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Current diagnostic methods, including nucleic acid detection, antibody detection, antigen detection and chest computed tomography (CT) imaging, usually take hours, and identification of the disease costs hundreds of dollars. Therefore, an ultrafast and economical detection method is urgently required to control the epidemic spread. Here, we report a rapid and low-cost method for rapidly preliminary screening COVID-19 suspects from healthy people. We established a machine learning (ML) model based on the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration, age, sex and body size of 34 COVID-19 patients and 70 healthy subjects. Then, the model was applied to 45 independent subjects, including 12 mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, 10 patients with other diseases, and 23 healthy subjects. The patients with diseases affecting the FeNO including COVID-19, asthma, hypertension and etc were screened out as suspects with the rate of 94.1%. Only one healthy subject was misclassified. This noninvasive and comfortable detection procedure takes in two minutes and costs less than a dollar, which simultaneously improves the detection efficiency and reduces expenses by multiple orders of magnitude. This work may provide a direction for the control of the rapid spread of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever and Future Perspectives

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Wang ◽  
Rachel Madera ◽  
Yuzhen Li ◽  
David Scott McVey ◽  
Barbara S. Drolet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Antibody Elisa

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, including wild boar. It is regarded as one of the major problems in the pig industry as it is still endemic in many regions of the world and has the potential to cause devastating epidemics, particularly in countries free of the disease. Rapid and reliable diagnosis is of utmost importance in the control of CSF. Since clinical presentations of CSF are highly variable and may be confused with other viral diseases in pigs, laboratory diagnosis is indispensable for an unambiguous diagnosis. On an international level, well-established diagnostic tests of CSF such as virus isolation, fluorescent antibody test (FAT), antigen capture antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus neutralization test (VNT), and antibody ELISA have been described in detail in the OIE Terrestrial Manual. However, improved CSF diagnostic methods or alternatives based on modern technologies have been developed in recent years. This review thus presents recent advances in the diagnosis of CSF and future perspectives.

DAMPAK PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH PADA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DI TPA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilda Emilda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
The People ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
The Impact

The limitations of waste management in the Cipayung Landfill (TPA) causing a buildup of garbage up to more than 30 meters. This condition has a health impact on people in Cipayung Village. This study aims to analyze the impact of waste management at Cipayung Landfill on public health in Cipayung Village, Depok City. The research is descriptive qualitative. Data obtained by purposive sampling. Data was collected by interviews, observation and documentation. Based on interviews with 30 respondents, it was found that the most common diseases were diarrhea, then other types of stomach ailments, subsequent itching on the skin and coughing. This is presumably because the environmental conditions in the form of unhealthy air and water and clean and healthy living behaviors (PHBS) have not become the habit of the people. The results indicated that there were no respondents who had implemented all of these criteria. In general respondents have implemented  3 criteria, namely maintaining hair hygiene, maintaining skin cleanliness, and maintaining hand hygiene. While maintaining clean water storage is the most often overlooked behavior. To minimize this health impact, improvements in waste management in Cipayung landfill are needed along with continuous socialization and education to develop PHBS habits and the importance of maintaining a clean environment.

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