scholarly journals Insulin and the Lung: Connecting Asthma and Metabolic Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchita Singh ◽  
Y. S. Prakash ◽  
Allan Linneberg ◽  
Anurag Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Lung Structure ◽  
Smooth Muscle Proliferation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Insight Into

Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and asthma are all rapidly increasing globally. Substantial emerging evidence suggests that these three conditions are epidemiologically and mechanistically linked. Since the link between obesity and asthma appears to extend beyond mechanical pulmonary disadvantage, molecular understanding is necessary. Insulin resistance is a strong, independent risk factor for asthma development, but it is unknown whether a direct effect of insulin on the lung is involved. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the effect of insulin on cellular components of the lung and highlights the molecular consequences of insulin-related metabolic signaling cascades that could adversely affect lung structure and function. Examples include airway smooth muscle proliferation and contractility and regulatory signaling networks that are associated with asthma. These aspects of insulin signaling provide mechanistic insight into the clinical evidence for the links between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and airway diseases, setting the stage for novel therapeutic avenues targeting these conditions.

scholarly journals Suicidal Erythrocyte Death in Metabolic Syndrome

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Ignazio Restivo ◽  
Alessandro Attanzio ◽  
Luisa Tesoriere ◽  
Mario Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
Cardiometabolic Factors

Eryptosis is a coordinated, programmed cell death culminating with the disposal of cells without disruption of the cell membrane and the release of endocellular oxidative and pro-inflammatory milieu. While providing a convenient form of death for erythrocytes, dysregulated eryptosis may result in a series of detrimental and harmful pathological consequences highly related to the endothelial dysfunction (ED). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic factors (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity) that increases the risk of cardiovascular complications such as those related to diabetes and atherosclerosis. In the light of the crucial role exerted by the eryptotic process in the ED, the focus of the present review is to report and discuss the involvement of eryptosis within MetS, where vascular complications are utterly relevant. Current knowledge on the mechanisms leading to eryptosis in MetS-related conditions (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity) will be analyzed. Moreover, clinical evidence supporting or proposing a role for eryptosis in the ED, associated to MetS cardiovascular complications, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Mechanosignaling in the vasculature: emerging concepts in sensing, transduction and physiological responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (12) ◽  
pp. H1451-H1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shampa Chatterjee ◽  
Keigi Fujiwara ◽  
Néstor Gustavo Pérez ◽  
Masuko Ushio-Fukai ◽  
Aron B. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Society Meeting ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Final Response ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components

Cells are constantly exposed to mechanical forces that play a role in modulating cellular structure and function. The cardiovascular system experiences physical forces in the form of shear stress and stretch associated with blood flow and contraction, respectively. These forces are sensed by endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes and lead to responses that control vascular and cardiac homeostasis. This was highlighted at the Pan American Physiological Society meeting at Iguassu Falls, Brazil, in a symposium titled “Mechanosignaling in the Vasculature.” This symposium presented recent research that showed the existence of a vital link between mechanosensing and downstream redox sensitive signaling cascades. This link helps to transduce and transmit the physical force into an observable physiological response. The speakers showcased how mechanosensors such as ion channels, membrane receptor kinases, adhesion molecules, and other cellular components transduce the force via redox signals (such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide) to receptors (transcription factors, growth factors, etc.). Receptor activated pathways then lead to cellular responses including cellular proliferation, contraction, and remodeling. These responses have major relevance to the physiology and pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases. Thus an understanding of the complex series of events, from the initial sensing through the final response, is essential for progress in this field. Overall, this symposium addressed some important emerging concepts in the field of mechanosignaling and the eventual pathophysiological responses.

scholarly journals Identification of a Chemoreceptor for C2and C3Carboxylic Acids

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
pp. 5449-5457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanina García ◽  
Jose-Antonio Reyes-Darias ◽  
David Martín-Mora ◽  
Bertrand Morel ◽  
Miguel A. Matilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Bacterial Chemoreceptors ◽  
Krebs Cycle Intermediates ◽  
And Function ◽  
Equilibrium Dissociation ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTChemoreceptors are at the beginnings of chemosensory signaling cascades that mediate chemotaxis. Most bacterial chemoreceptors are functionally unannotated and are characterized by a diversity in the structure of their ligand binding domains (LBDs). The data available indicate that there are two major chemoreceptor families at the functional level, namely, those that respond to amino acids or to Krebs cycle intermediates. Since pseudomonads show chemotaxis to many different compounds and possess different types of chemoreceptors, they are model organisms to establish relationships between chemoreceptor structure and function. Here, we identify PP2861 (termed McpP) ofPseudomonas putidaKT2440 as a chemoreceptor with a novel ligand profile. We show that the recombinant McpP LBD recognizes acetate, pyruvate, propionate, andl-lactate, withKD(equilibrium dissociation constant) values ranging from 34 to 107 μM. Deletion of themcpPgene resulted in a dramatic reduction in chemotaxis toward these ligands, and complementation restored a native-like phenotype, indicating that McpP is the major chemoreceptor for these compounds. McpP has a CACHE-type LBD, and we present data indicating that CACHE-containing chemoreceptors of other species also mediate taxis to C2and C3carboxylic acids. In addition, the LBD of NbaY ofPseudomonas fluorescens, an McpP homologue mediating chemotaxis to 2-nitrobenzoate, bound neither nitrobenzoates nor the McpP ligands. This work provides further insight into receptor structure-function relationships and will be helpful to annotate chemoreceptors of other bacteria.

scholarly journals Overcoming Depression with 5-HT2A Receptor Ligands

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Agata Zięba ◽  
Piotr Stępnicki ◽  
Dariusz Matosiuk ◽  
Agnieszka A. Kaczor
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Screening ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Receptor Ligands ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
And Function ◽  
Serotonin 2A ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Antidepressant Action

Depression is a multifactorial disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, and none of the currently available therapeutics can completely cure it. Thus, there is a need for developing novel, potent, and safer agents. Recent medicinal chemistry findings on the structure and function of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor facilitated design and discovery of novel compounds with antidepressant action. Eligible papers highlighting the importance of 5-HT2A receptors in the pathomechanism of the disorder were identified in the content-screening performed on the popular databases (PubMed, Google Scholar). Articles were critically assessed based on their titles and abstracts. The most accurate papers were chosen to be read and presented in the manuscript. The review summarizes current knowledge on the applicability of 5-HT2A receptor signaling modulators in the treatment of depression. It provides an insight into the structural and physiological features of this receptor. Moreover, it presents an overview of recently conducted virtual screening campaigns aiming to identify novel, potent 5-HT2A receptor ligands and additional data on currently synthesized ligands acting through this protein.

scholarly journals Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Adverse Neurodevelopment after Postnatal Zika Virus Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Jessica Raper ◽  
Ann Chahroudi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Insight Into

Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes mild or no symptoms in adults, during the 2015−2016 outbreak, ZIKV infection in pregnancy resulted in a spectrum of diseases in infants, including birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders identified in childhood. While intense clinical and basic science research has focused on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal ZIKV infection, less is known about the consequences of infection during early life. Considering the neurotropism of ZIKV and the rapidly-developing postnatal brain, it is important to understand how infection during infancy may disrupt neurodevelopment. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding early postnatal ZIKV infection. Emerging clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that ZIKV infection during infancy can result in negative neurologic consequences. However, clinical data regarding postnatal ZIKV infection in children are limited; as such, animal models play an important role in understanding the potential complications of ZIKV infection related to the vulnerable developing brain. Preclinical data provide insight into the potential behavioral, cognitive, and motor domains that clinical studies should examine in pediatric populations exposed to ZIKV during infancy.

scholarly journals Resident Cellular Components of the Human Lung: Current Knowledge and Goals for Research on Cell Phenotyping and Function

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 763-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Franks ◽  
T. V. Colby ◽  
W. D. Travis ◽  
R. M. Tuder ◽  
H. Y. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Lung ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Nucleosome dynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Stockdale ◽  
Michael Bruno ◽  
Helder Ferreira ◽  
Elisa Garcia-Wilson ◽  
Nicola Wiechens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Nucleosome Dynamics ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Chromatin Structure And Dynamics

In the 30 years since the discovery of the nucleosome, our picture of it has come into sharp focus. The recent high-resolution structures have provided a wealth of insight into the function of the nucleosome, but they are inherently static. Our current knowledge of how nucleosomes can be reconfigured dynamically is at a much earlier stage. Here, recent advances in the understanding of chromatin structure and dynamics are highlighted. The ways in which different modes of nucleosome reconfiguration are likely to influence each other are discussed, and some of the factors likely to regulate the dynamic properties of nucleosomes are considered.

Effect of Different Components of Metabolic Syndrome on Right Ventricular Volume and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Abdosalam attaleb ◽  
Mahmoud El-Menshawy ◽  
Mohammad AL-Daydamony ◽  
Ahmed El-damanhory
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Right Ventricular Volume ◽  
And Function

Effects of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Placenta: Current Knowledge and Targets for Therapeutic Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Samantha Bedell ◽  
Janine Hutson ◽  
Barbra de Vrijer ◽  
Genevieve Eastabrook
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Exchange Site ◽  
And Function

: Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are becoming more common among pregnant women worldwide and are individually associated with a number of placenta-mediated obstetric complications, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth. The placenta serves several functions throughout pregnancy and is the main exchange site for the transfer of nutrients and gas from mother to fetus. In pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity or GDM, the placenta is exposed to environmental changes, such as increased inflammation and oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and altered hormone levels. These changes can affect placental development and function and lead to abnormal fetal growth and development as well as metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities in the offspring. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effects of obesity and GDM on placental development and function. Understanding these processes is key in developing therapeutic interventions with the goal of mitigating these effects and preventing future cardiovascular and metabolic pathology in subsequent generations.

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