scholarly journals In Vivo Models Used for Evaluation of Potential Antigastroduodenal Ulcer Agents

Ulcers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Buenor Adinortey ◽  
Charles Ansah ◽  
Isaac Galyuon ◽  
Alexander Nyarko
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Antiulcer Drugs

Peptic ulcer is among the most serious gastrointestinal diseases in the world. Several orthodox drugs are employed for the treatment of the disease. Although these drugs are effective, they produce many adverse effects thus limiting their use. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in alternative therapies, especially those from plants due to their perceived relative lower side effects, ease of accessibility, and affordability. Plant medicines with ethnomedicinal use in peptic ulcer management need to be screened for their effectiveness and possible isolation of lead compounds. This requires use of appropriate animal models of various ulcers. The limited number of antiulcer models for drug development against gastric and duodenal ulcer studies has hindered the progress of targeted therapy in this field. It is, therefore, necessary to review the literature on experimental models used to screen agents with potential antigastroduodenal ulcer activity and explain their biochemical basis in order to facilitate their use in the development of new preventive and curative antiulcer drugs. Clinical trials can then be carried out on agents/drugs that show promise. In this paper, current in vivo animal models of ulcers and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their induction, their limitations, as well as the challenges associated with their use have been discussed.

scholarly journals Experimental Models as Refined Translational Tools for Breast Cancer Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Eduardo Costa ◽  
Tânia Ferreira-Gonçalves ◽  
Gonçalo Chasqueira ◽  
António S. Cabrita ◽  
Isabel V. Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Breast Cancer Research ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
In Vivo Models

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, which makes it a very impactful malignancy in the society. Breast cancers can be classified through different systems based on the main tumor features and gene, protein, and cell receptors expression, which will determine the most advisable therapeutic course and expected outcomes. Multiple therapeutic options have already been proposed and implemented for breast cancer treatment. Nonetheless, their use and efficacy still greatly depend on the tumor classification, and treatments are commonly associated with invasiveness, pain, discomfort, severe side effects, and poor specificity. This has demanded an investment in the research of the mechanisms behind the disease progression, evolution, and associated risk factors, and on novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, advances in the understanding and assessment of breast cancer are dependent on the ability to mimic the properties and microenvironment of tumors in vivo, which can be achieved through experimentation on animal models. This review covers an overview of the main animal models used in breast cancer research, namely in vitro models, in vivo models, in silico models, and other models. For each model, the main characteristics, advantages, and challenges associated to their use are highlighted.

scholarly journals Experimental Models for Studying HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Penile Cancer: New Tools for An Old Disease

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca ◽  
Antonio Cubilla ◽  
Haissa Brito ◽  
Tânia Martins ◽  
Rui Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Models ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Penile Cancer ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Key Aspects

Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy that occurs most frequently in developing countries. Two pathways for penile carcinogenesis are currently recognized: one driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and another HPV-independent route, associated with chronic inflammation. Progress on the clinical management of this disease has been slow, partly due to the lack of preclinical models for translational research. However, exciting recent developments are changing this landscape, with new in vitro and in vivo models becoming available. These include mouse models for HPV+ and HPV− penile cancer and multiple cell lines representing HPV− lesions. The present review addresses these new advances, summarizing available models, comparing their characteristics and potential uses and discussing areas that require further improvement. Recent breakthroughs achieved using these models are also discussed, particularly those developments pertaining to HPV-driven cancer. Two key aspects that still require improvement are the establishment of cell lines that can represent HPV+ penile carcinomas and the development of mouse models to study metastatic disease. Overall, the growing array of in vitro and in vivo models for penile cancer provides new and useful tools for researchers in the field and is expected to accelerate pre-clinical research on this disease.

scholarly journals A Narrative Review of Libidibia ferrea: Botanical Aspects, Ethnopharmacological Properties, Phytochemical Characteristics, Toxicity, and Experimental Tests

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
Nayanne C. O. da S. Almeida ◽  
Silvania da C. Furtado ◽  
José F. M. Barcellos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

Introduction: Jucá or pau-ferro (Libidibia ferrea) is an arboreal plant from the Fabaceae family. It is commonly used in traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory process. Aims: The objective of this narrative review is to present botanical aspects, ethnopharmacological properties, phytochemical characteristics, toxicity highlighting, and experimental models with L. ferrea. Results: Botanical Aspects: Jucá has several uses such as in landscaping (stem and canopy), in arborization of urban areas. Ethnopharmacological Properties: It is used in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, flu, asthma and, inflammatory processes of which different parts are used (root, stem bark, leaves, fruits, seeds). Phytochemical Characteristics: Phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and terpenoids are among the compounds monthly used. Toxicity: In vivo models have been used to verify toxicity and in most studies the plant presented no toxicity in its use. Experimental studies: Animals, such as mice, dogs, rats, etc. and different models of studies to analyze the action of the plant were used. Conclusions: Such low toxicity, associated with its widespread use in folk medicine and its various effects demonstrated in the studies included in this Review have corroborated for the continuity of the research with L. ferrea. New studies, however, ought to follow methodological guidelines, such as the Animal Research: reporting in vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) so that, a methodological design secures more homogeneous studies capable of quantifying the actual size of the effect in the plant may have in clinical studies.  

scholarly journals Neuromuscular Development and Disease: Learning From in vitro and in vivo Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Fralish ◽  
Ethan M. Lotz ◽  
Taylor Chavez ◽  
Alastair Khodabukus ◽  
Nenad Bursac
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Small Animal Models

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized cholinergic synaptic interface between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber that translates presynaptic electrical impulses into motor function. NMJ formation and maintenance require tightly regulated signaling and cellular communication among motor neurons, myogenic cells, and Schwann cells. Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) can result in loss of NMJ function and motor input leading to paralysis or even death. Although small animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the NMJ structure and function, the complexities of studying this multi-tissue system in vivo and poor clinical outcomes of candidate therapies developed in small animal models has driven the need for in vitro models of functional human NMJ to complement animal studies. In this review, we discuss prevailing models of NMDs and highlight the current progress and ongoing challenges in developing human iPSC-derived (hiPSC) 3D cell culture models of functional NMJs. We first review in vivo development of motor neurons, skeletal muscle, Schwann cells, and the NMJ alongside current methods for directing the differentiation of relevant cell types from hiPSCs. We further compare the efficacy of modeling NMDs in animals and human cell culture systems in the context of five NMDs: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, and Pompe disease. Finally, we discuss further work necessary for hiPSC-derived NMJ models to function as effective personalized NMD platforms.

A Novel Peptide Aldehyde with Activity against Human Cytomegalovirus in Two Different in Vivo Models

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Weber ◽  
Jürgen Reefschläger ◽  
Helga Rübsamen-Waigmann ◽  
Siegfried Raddatz ◽  
Matthias Hesseling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Murine Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Peptide Aldehydes

Novel peptide aldehydes (PAs) were identified as potent inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in vitro. Although these compounds were highly effective against HCMV, they did not exhibit any activity against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The purpose of this study was to test the antiviral activity of PA 8 as a representative of this novel class of inhibitors against HCMV in vivo. Because of the strict species specificity of HCMV we had to use two artificial animal models. In the first model, HCMV-infected human cells were entrapped into agarose plugs and transplanted into mice. In the second model, SCID mice were transplanted with human tissues that were subsequently infected with a clinical isolate of HCMV. In these two models the antiviral activity of PA 8 was clearly demonstrated, ganciclovir only being slightly superior in its in vivo antiviral activity.

Animal Models in Peritoneal Dialysis Research: A Need for Consensus

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siska Mortier ◽  
Norbert H. Lameire ◽  
An S. De Vriese
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Collective Effort ◽  
Study Duration

The development of an adequate animal model for peritoneal research remains an object of concern. In vivo peritoneal dialysis (PD) research is hampered by the large variety of available models that make interpretation of results and comparison of studies very difficult. Species and strain of experimental animals, method of peritoneal access, study duration, measures of solute transport and ultrafiltration, and sampling for histology differ substantially among the various research groups. A collective effort to discuss the shortcomings and merits of the different experimental models may lead to a consensus on a standardized animal model of PD.

scholarly journals In Vivo Models for Cholangiocarcinoma—What Can We Learn for Human Disease?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Mohr ◽  
Burcin Özdirik ◽  
Jana Knorr ◽  
Alexander Wree ◽  
Münevver Demir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Liver Tumors ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Primary Liver Tumors ◽  
Stromal Microenvironment

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a heterogeneous group of primary liver tumors. They emerge from different hepatic (progenitor) cell populations, typically via sporadic mutations. Chronic biliary inflammation, as seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), may trigger CCA development. Although several efforts were made in the last decade to better understand the complex processes of biliary carcinogenesis, it was only recently that new therapeutic advances have been achieved. Animal models are a crucial bridge between in vitro findings on molecular or genetic alterations, pathophysiological understanding, and new therapeutic strategies for the clinic. Nevertheless, it is inherently difficult to recapitulate simultaneously the stromal microenvironment (e.g., immune-competent cells, cholestasis, inflammation, PSC-like changes, fibrosis) and the tumor biology (e.g., mutational burden, local growth, and metastatic spread) in an animal model, so that it would reflect the full clinical reality of CCA. In this review, we highlight available data on animal models for CCA. We discuss if and how these models reflect human disease and whether they can serve as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis, or for predicting a treatment response in patients. In addition, open issues for future developments will be discussed.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Caine ◽  
Brett Jagger ◽  
Michael Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged suddenly in the Americas in 2015 and was associated with a widespread outbreak of microcephaly and other severe congenital abnormalities in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. Vertical transmission of ZIKV in humans was confirmed when viral RNA was detected in fetal and placental tissues, and this outcome has been recapitulated experimentally in animals. Unlike other flaviviruses, ZIKV is both arthropod- and sexually-transmitted, and has a broad tissue tropism in humans, including multiple tissues of the reproductive tract. The threats posed by ZIKV have prompted the development of multiple in vivo models to better understand the pathogenesis of ZIKV, particularly during pregnancy. Here, we review the progress on animal models of ZIKV infection during pregnancy. These studies have generated a foundation of insights into the biology of ZIKV, and provide a means for evaluating vaccines and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Gut organoids: mini-tissues in culture to study intestinal physiology and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (3) ◽  
pp. C405-C419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Almeqdadi ◽  
Miyeko D. Mana ◽  
Jatin Roper ◽  
Ömer H. Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Intestinal Physiology ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Immortalized Cell ◽  
In Vitro Cell Cultures

In vitro, cell cultures are essential tools in the study of intestinal function and disease. For the past few decades, monolayer cellular cultures, such as cancer cell lines or immortalized cell lines, have been widely applied in gastrointestinal research. Recently, the development of three-dimensional cultures known as organoids has permitted the growth of normal crypt-villus units that recapitulate many aspects of intestinal physiology. Organoid culturing has also been applied to study gastrointestinal diseases, intestinal-microbe interactions, and colorectal cancer. These models are amenable to CRISPR gene editing and drug treatments, including high-throughput small-molecule testing. Three-dimensional intestinal cultures have been transplanted into mice to develop versatile in vivo models of intestinal disease, particularly cancer. Limitations of currently available organoid models include cost and challenges in modeling nonepithelial intestinal cells, such as immune cells and the microbiota. Here, we describe the development of organoid models of intestinal biology and the applications of organoids for study of the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases and cancer.

scholarly journals Experimental Models in Neovascular Age Related Macular Degeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4627
Author(s):  
Olivia Rastoin ◽  
Gilles Pagès ◽  
Maeva Dufies
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Decoy Receptors ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (vAMD), characterized by the neo-vascularization of the retro-foveolar choroid, leads to blindness within few years. This disease depends on angiogenesis mediated by the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) and to inflammation. The only available treatments consist of monthly intravitreal injections of antibodies directed against VEGF or VEGF/VEGFB/PlGF decoy receptors. Despite their relative efficacy, these drugs only delay progression to blindness and 30% of the patients are insensitive to these treatments. Hence, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Experimental models of vAMD are essential to screen different innovative therapeutics. The currently used in vitro and in vivo models in ophthalmic translational research and their relevance are discussed in this review.

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